Esterified, optical pure (3S, 3′S)-astaxanthin from flowers of Adonis annua

Determination of Other Related Carotenoids Substances in Astaxanthin Crystals Extracted from <i>Adonis am</i><i>urensis </i>

“…Esterified, optically pure 3S, 3S -astaxanthin is the main form found in the flowers of Adonis amurensis 23,30,31 , which is same as found in Haematococcus pluvialis. But free astaxanthin is preferable to astaxanthin esters in terms of bioavailability 26 , so esterified astaxanthin was hydrolyzed to yield free astaxanthin to improve its bioavailability.…”

Astaxanthin and Related Xanthophylls

“…[ 95 ], the basidiomycete yeast X. dendrorhous [ 92 ] and the plant Adonis , which accumulates astaxanthin in the petals of the fl ower [ 96 ].…”

Elucidation of the Pathway to Astaxanthin in the Flowers of Adonis aestivalis

“…The amount of astaxanthin that accumulates in the flower petals of Adonis is substantial (;1% of the dry weight in the petals of A. annua according to Renstrøm et al [1981]) and very much more than the ;0.2% of dry weight typically found for total carotenoids in green tissues of flowering plants such as, for instance, Arabidopsis (Maass et al, 2009). The regulation of the pathway leading to astaxanthin in A. aestivalis is beyond the scope of this article, and we have, as yet, no data relevant to this matter, but information on the expression of genes encoding some of the pathway enzymes is available from an analysis by Li et al (2008) of a collection of 4189 ESTs from an A. aestivalis cDNA library constructed using mRNA extracted from fully opened flowers.…”

“…Astaxanthin is synthesized by certain bacteria (Johnson and An, 1991;Misawa et al, 1995b;Tao et al, 2006), several fungi (Johnson and An, 1991;Luká cs et al, 2006), some green algae (Margalith, 1999), and a few species of the flowering plant genus Adonis ( Figure 1A; Seybold and Goodwin, 1959;Egger, 1965;Neamţu et al, 1966;Renstrøm et al, 1981). The formation of astaxanthin from b-carotene, a carotenoid omnipresent in oxygenic photosynthetic organisms (Goodwin, 1980), requires only the addition of a hydroxyl and a carbonyl at the adjacent number 3 and number 4 carbons, respectively, of each b-ring ( Figure 1B).…”