Esterified cellulose nanocrystals for reinforced epoxy nanocomposites

Thompson, Lachlan; Nikzad, Mostafa; Sbarski, Igor; Yu, Aimin

doi:10.1016/j.pnsc.2022.05.001

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…As could be seen, the neat epoxy exhibits a smooth cross-sectional surface, presenting a typical brittle fracture nature. In contrast, EC/epoxy composites present numerous wavy or stream-like cracks, displaying a relatively less brittle and ductile nature. , The homogeneously dispersed fillers acted as hindrances to the crack initiations, which conformed to the crack deflection mechanism . It is noteworthy that celluloses are highly hydrophilic, indicating that it is not easy to disperse them epoxy without forming agglomerations .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In contrast, EC/epoxy composites present numerous wavy or stream-like cracks, displaying a relatively less brittle and ductile nature. , The homogeneously dispersed fillers acted as hindrances to the crack initiations, which conformed to the crack deflection mechanism . It is noteworthy that celluloses are highly hydrophilic, indicating that it is not easy to disperse them epoxy without forming agglomerations . EC is hydrophobic owing to the fact that hydroxyl groups on the repeating glucose unit are replaced by ether groups; thus, excellent dispersion was achieved without any additives or time-consuming methods. , …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…33 It is noteworthy that celluloses are highly hydrophilic, indicating that it is not easy to disperse them epoxy without forming agglomerations. 32 EC is hydrophobic owing to the fact that hydroxyl groups on the repeating glucose unit are replaced by ether groups; thus, excellent dispersion was achieved without any additives or time-consuming methods. 34,35 To understand the crystalline nature of EC/epoxy composites, XRD analysis was performed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dual Modification of Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Composites with Ethyl Cellulose and Poly(dimethylsiloxane) as Sustainable Construction Materials

Yue

Zhong

2022

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have emerged as promising next-generation materials for advanced structures in civil engineering. Notwithstanding the recent progress, the unsatisfactory mechanical properties and problematic long-term stability in the alkali environment remain daunting challenges toward their large-scale practicability. In this study, we address such limitations by a dual modification method, in which first ethyl cellulose (EC) is incorporated into the matrix and then the FRP composite is dipped in a dilute poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) solution. The FRP composite exhibited enhanced flexural strength by 23.4% and increased flexural modulus by 23.5% compared to those of the pristine basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP). Such an eminent performance is mainly attributed to the bridging effect of EC. As confirmed by the DMA characterization, the incorporation of EC greatly increased the cross-linking density and improved the thermal stability. Additionally, the FRP composite had a stable performance in the alkali environment tests. Tuning the amount of ethyl cellulose was found to have a profound effect on the mechanical performance and aging behavior in the alkali solution. This study establishes a practical approach to fabricating FRP composites with long-term stability in alkali environments.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dual Modification of Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Composites with Ethyl Cellulose and Poly(dimethylsiloxane) as Sustainable Construction Materials

Yue

Zhong

2022

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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“…Similarly to the T P variation, a slight reduction in the T g values was found for the epoxy nanocomposites containing grafted NC [ 50 ]. Thompson et al attributed the reduction in the T g of an epoxy composite containing 1 wt% cellulose nanocrystals modified with methacryloyl chloride (M/CNCs) to the fact that M/CNCs can act as a physical barrier within the epoxy matrix, reducing the curing efficiency of the crosslinking system or to the improved dispersion of the M/CNCs inside the matrix, which could have further hindered the curing process [ 51 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the case of ungrafted NC, the enhancement of the thermal stability can be explained by the active hydroxyl groups on the surface of NC that can be involved in the crosslinking reactions along with the carboxyl groups of IA, increasing the crosslinking efficiency. For the NC/SM, the poly(methacrylic acid) grafts present on its surface could react with the epoxy system during the cross-linking process, with the formation of a more complicated and stable network ( Scheme 1 ) [ 51 ]. In both cases, a strong interfacial adhesion was formed between the NCs and the epoxy network [ 51 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contribution of the Surface Treatment of Nanofibrillated Cellulose on the Properties of Bio-Based Epoxy Nanocomposites Intended for Flexible Electronics

Frone

Uşurelu

Oprică

et al. 2023

IJMS

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The growing interest in materials derived from biomass has generated a multitude of solutions for the development of new sustainable materials with low environmental impact. We report here, for the first time, a strategy to obtain bio-based nanocomposites from epoxidized linseed oil (ELO), itaconic acid (IA), and surface-treated nanofibrillated cellulose (NC). The effect of nanofibrillated cellulose functionalized with silane (NC/S) and then grafted with methacrylic acid (NC/SM) on the properties of the resulted bio-based epoxy systems was thoroughly investigated. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that the addition of NCs did not influence the curing process and had a slight impact on the maximum peak temperature. Moreover, the NCs improved the onset degradation temperature of the epoxy-based nanocomposites by more than 30 °C, regardless of their treatment. The most important effect on the mechanical properties of bio-based epoxy nanocomposites, i.e., an increase in the storage modulus by more than 60% at room temperature was observed in the case of NC/SM addition. Therefore, NC’s treatment with silane and methacrylic acid improved the epoxy–nanofiber interface and led to a very good dispersion of the NC/SM in the epoxy network, as observed by the SEM investigation. The dielectric results proved the suitability of the obtained bio-based epoxy/NCs materials as substitutes for petroleum-based thermosets in the fabrication of flexible electronic devices.

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Study on improving the toughness of rapidly curing epoxy resin composite materials with a biobased microcrystalline cellulose

Bi,

Liu,

Cao

et al. 2024

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Rapid solidification molding is one of the main low‐cost forming methods for composite materials, and the reasonable selection of the solidification molding process is the key to achieving material performance. The curing system used in this paper is the widely used, inexpensive, and readily available epoxy resin (WSR618) and the transparent, colorless, and less toxic 593 curing agent, which cures at room temperature. Through the study of various temperature formulations, a rapid curing system was determined that has a 10‐min cure at 80°C. The results showed that when the mass ratio of epoxy (EP) resin to curing agent was 5:1, the curing system was selected at 80°C for 10 min, and the bending strength could reach 100.19 MPa, and the impact strength could reach 12.82 kJ/m2. However, the difficulty caused by quick solidification was a reduction in mechanical characteristics, which required modification. Microcrystalline cellulose is cheap and readily available and widely available, so microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was chosen for modification in this study. The experimental results showed that the addition of MCC reduced the fracture brittleness of EP composite materials. When 0.75% MCC was added, the bending and tensile strengths reached 116.88 and 52.53 MPa, respectively, which were 16.66% and 18.74% higher than unmodified EP. The elongation at break reached 11.57%, which is 14.13% higher than unmodified.

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Esterified cellulose nanocrystals for reinforced epoxy nanocomposites

Cited by 12 publications

References 22 publications

Dual Modification of Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Composites with Ethyl Cellulose and Poly(dimethylsiloxane) as Sustainable Construction Materials

Dual Modification of Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Composites with Ethyl Cellulose and Poly(dimethylsiloxane) as Sustainable Construction Materials

Contribution of the Surface Treatment of Nanofibrillated Cellulose on the Properties of Bio-Based Epoxy Nanocomposites Intended for Flexible Electronics

Study on improving the toughness of rapidly curing epoxy resin composite materials with a biobased microcrystalline cellulose

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