Establishment of reference values of the caudal vena cava by fast‐ultrasonography through different views in healthy dogs

Darnis, Élodie; Boysen, Søren; Merveille, Anne-Christine; Desquilbet, Loïc; Chalhoub, Serge; Gommeren, Kris

doi:10.1111/jvim.15136

Cited by 47 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…An age‐matched study of the size and shape of the aorta of dogs with naturally occurring systemic hypertension has not been performed to date. Differences due to age (from 1‐8 years) were not found in the size of the caudal vena cava in the study of 126 normal dogs . Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine does not routinely measure blood pressure on admission to the hospital except for animals presenting to the critical care service.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Measurements of the aorta and caudal vena cava were performed in the caudal abdomen cranial to the origin of the external iliac vessels, where the two vessels have been observed to have a similar size . The size of the caudal vena cava at this level was not clearly influenced by respiratory motion making it relatively easy to measure . Alterations in the shape of the aorta such as tortuosity or variable bounding anywhere from origin of the iliac arteries to the level of the kidneys could also be noted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast to scanning with the patient in dorsal recumbency, imaging from lateral recumbency requires minimal to no pressure in order to visualize the aorta and caudal vena cava mitigating this artifactual cause especially when the ultrasonographer was prospectively assessing the vessels at the time of the examination . Minimal training was required to accurately measure the aorta and caudal vena cava in several recent reports done on FAST scans including the longitudinal plane at the paralumbar site in one paper . In human medicine, measurement from the longitudinal plane of the abdominal aortic diameter was found to be more accurate and reproducible than transverse imaging .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Images of the aorta and caudal vena cava were obtained cranial to the origin of the external iliac vessels when discrepancy in the vessels sizes was identified during routine scanning for the medial iliac lymph nodes . Because the sizes of the aorta and caudal vena cava within the paralumbar region were not obviously influenced by diaphragmatic motion, a single measurement was obtained from the longitudinal plane similar to a recent report . Measurement of diameter in centimeters was made from longitudinal still images from outer border to outer border of the aorta (Figure ) and caudal vena cava (Figure ) in the caudal abdomen just cranial to the origin of the external iliac vessels after maximizing the vessel size .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One recent study measured the caudal vena cava to aorta ratio in dogs with induced volume depletion . In a different study, normal reference values were established of the caudal vena cava to aorta by fast scan ultrasound in healthy dogs at different levels within the abdominal cavity …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aortic to caudal vena cava ratio measurements using abdominal ultrasound are increased in dogs with confirmed systemic hypertension

Holland

Hudson

Bao

et al. 2019

Vet Radiology Ultrasound

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Chronically sustained systemic hypertension in dogs can damage the kidneys, eye, brain, heart, and vessels. In human medicine, systemic hypertension has been implicated as the most common risk factor for aorta dilation, which can progress to an aneurysm. Abdominal ultrasound has been commonly used to monitor the size of the abdominal aorta in people with systemic hypertension. In this retrospective cross‐sectional abdominal ultrasound study, evaluation of the size of the abdominal aorta relative to the caudal vena cava was performed in 18 control dogs and 128 dogs with confirmed systemic hypertension. Preexisting conditions contributing to systemic hypertension in these dogs were renal disease, hyperadrenocorticism, diabetes mellitus, adrenal tumors, and previous administration of phenylpropanolamine or palladia. The abdominal aorta and caudal vena cava were assessed from longitudinal images cranial to the trifurcation with measurements made from outer border to outer border of the walls, being careful not to compress the caudal vena cava that would alter its size. Our hypothesis was the ratio of the diameter of the abdominal aorta to caudal vena cava would be higher in dogs with systemic hypertension compared to dogs with normal blood pressure. The mean abdominal aorta‐caudal vena cava ratio was 1.028 in control dogs with a normal blood pressure and 1.515 in dogs with systemic hypertension. In dogs with confirmed systemic hypertension, the abdominal aorta was dilated compared to the caudal vena cava in the caudal abdomen. An increase in the abdominal aorta‐caudal vena cava ratio in a dog should raise suspicion for the presence of systemic hypertension and prompt evaluation of blood pressure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%