Establishment of ISO 4037-1 X-ray Narrow-Spectrum Series at SSDL of Algiers

Abstract

The aim of this work was to develop some X-ray qualities recommended by the International Standardization Organization (ISO) in its standard ISO 4037-1. X-ray qualities corresponding to narrow-spectrum series were established, determined their characteristics and found good agreement with those of reference X-ray beam qualities [difference between first half-value layer (HVL1) < 5% for all qualities]. Acceptable results have also been obtained for second half-value layer (HVL2). The production of X-ray spectra corresponding to developed X-ray qualities with Monte Carlo code PENELOPE (PENetration and Energy Loss Of Positrons and Electrons) was simulated. The characteristics [HVL1, HVL2, homogeneity coefficient (HC) and mean energy (Emean)] of simulated spectra have been calculated and compared to those of measured spectra at Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt taken as reference spectra. The obtained results showed a good agreement between simulated and measured spectra (differences in HVL1, HVL2, HC and Emean were 1.7, 1.44, 0.44 and 1.3%, respectively). The comparison between simulated and measured spectra by calculating the conversion coefficients from air kerma to the personal dose equivalent, hpk(10), and to the ambient dose equivalent, hk*(10), was supplemented. The comparison between the calculated quantities (hpk(10) and hk*(10)) for the two X-ray spectra series showed a good agreement (the maximum difference was <0.4% for hpk(10) and <0.3% for hk*(10)). Furthermore, the percentage depth dose produced in water by simulated and measured spectra was investigated and a good agreement was found between the obtained curves. The established X-ray qualities have been fully characterised (measurement and Monte Carlo simulation). These X-ray beams can be used for calibration of radiation protection instruments and for reference irradiations.

Effect of PbO incorporation with different particle size on X-ray attenuation of polystyrene

“…The shield ing per for mance of the com pos ites was as sessed for tube volt ages rang ing from 40 to 200 kV, which is the range com monly used in med i cal ra di ol ogy de part ments. Herrati et al [20] cal cu lated the mean en ergy by sim u lat ing the X-ray spec tra of the qual ity X-ray Beam. Ta ble 3 sum ma rizes the val ues of mean en er gies.…”

“…The X-ray shield ing ca pa bil i ties of the PS/PbO com pos ites were ex am ined us ing a narrow-spec trum X-ray beam (N-se ries) in an SSDL at the Leb a nese Atomic En ergy Com mis sion (LAEC). Nar row-spec trum se ries is crit i cal for cal i brat ing ra dia tion pro tec tion in stru ments and de ter min ing ra di ation doses [20,21]. The pur pose of this re search is to find the op ti mal par ti cle size of PbO to em ploy as a filler within the PS poly mer to pro duce light weight com pos ites with re mark able shield ing per for mance against X-ray ra di a tion.…”

Establishment of ISO 4037‐1 X‐ray narrow‐spectrum series

“…The measured attenuation curves are shown in Fig. 4, whose exponential correlation coefficient R 2 are all more than 99.9% [9]. The measurement results of HVLs are shown in Table 2 and whose deviations are all within ±5% compared with the given values in the standard ISO 4037‐1 shown in Table 3.…”