Essential Trace and Ultra Trace Elements in Nutrition of Vegetarians and Vegans. Part 2. Iodine, Selenium, Chromium, Molybdenum, Cobalt

Abstract

In addition to the inhibitory effect of phytic and oxalic acids, other factors also affect the provision of vegans and vegetarians with essential elements. Selenium comes predominantly from plant products. However, its content in plants depends on the concentration in soils, which varies considerably in different regions. The source of iodine is seafood. Studies show that all food groups are at high risk of iodine deficiency, but vegans and vegetarians are at greater. In addition, remoteness from the seacoast and the properties of agricultural soils also play a role in the status of iodine in the body. Currently, many countries are taking steps to prevent iodine deficiency (food fortification). Cobalt is part of vitamin B12, an essential micronutrient deficient in vegans and often even in vegetarians. In addition, cobalt is also a cofactor of other molecules. However, to date, data on the prevalence of cobalt deficiency is not enough for analysis. There is not enough information about the prevalence of molybdenum deficiency.

Choosing microelements for the immobilization of their colloidal frames on a natural carrier in order to enrich the main food products

“…Считается, что патогенные микроорганизмы, как правило, более чувствительны к ионам данных элементов, чем непатогенные. Несмотря на то, что и серебро и золото обладают низким показателем всасывания в организме, они все еще остаются крайне перспективными элементами для внесения [8,9].…”

Veganism and Oral Health—An Overview through the Perspective

“…These vitamins and selenium levels intrinsically linked to a higher prevalence of dental caries. 15,17 Thus, a lack of nutrients may cause oral health issues such as the escalation of recurring aphthous ulcers and the emergence of glossodynia. 18 Too low B12 values can also lead to ulcers afferent to the oral cavity and glossitis, that is, an inflammation of the tongue, which leads to a change in its shape and color, generally leading it to swell and appear more red and sore, not to be confused with oral neoformations.…”

“…Also, in vegans, increased consumption of fruits and vegetables, which lowers salivary pH and causes erosive tooth surface loss, may hasten tooth surface loss. 17 The results of the meta-analysis conducted by Smits et al in 2020 suggested that vegans may be at a twice higher risk of tooth erosion as they consume more fruits and vegetables than other diets. 20,21 Dietary guidance is crucial to maintaining good oral health over the long run because vegan individuals are more susceptible to demineralization and acid erosion.…”

Importance of micronutrients in the oral cavity

“…Postoje određene grupe ljudi sa određenim potrebama u ishrani, na primer dijabetičari i gojazni pacijenti zahtevaju znatno veće količine hroma i vanadijuma 121,122 , a vegetarijanci i vegani imaju veću verovatnoću da imaju nedostatak ω-3 PUFAs 123 i joda 124 , 125 u odnosu na ljude na standardnom režimu ishrane. Međutim, nisu pronađeni značajni efekti ovih mikroelemenata na usnu duplju.…”

“…There are certain groups of people with specific diet requirement. For instance, diabetic and obese patients require significantly higher amounts of chromium and vanadium 121,122 , and vegetarians and vegans are more likely to be deficient in ω-3 PUFAs 123 and iodine 124,125 than omnivores. However, the significant effects of these micronutrients on the oral cavity were not found.…”