Essential oils and isolated compounds from Lippia alba leaves and flowers: Antimicrobial activity and osteoclast apoptosis

Abstract

In the present study, essential oils extracted from the leaves and flowers of Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.Br. (L. alba) were analyzed for their antimicrobial activity and their effects on osteoclasts. The periodontal pathogens, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans; ATCC 43717), Fusobacterium nucleatum (F. nucleatum; ATCC 25586) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis); ATCC 33277) were used in antimicrobial activity assays for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), whereas Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis; ATCC 25285) was used as the control microorganism. Osteoclast (OC) apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL assay and Fas receptor expression was detected by immunocytochemistry. The analysis of antimicrobial activity revealed that P. gingivalis had the lowest MIC values, whereas A. actinomycetemcomitans had the highest. L. alba essential oils were found to be toxic to human cells, although the compounds, carvone, limonene and citral, were non-toxic and induced apoptosis in the OCs. This study demonstrates that L. alba has potential biotechnological application in dentistry. In fact periodontal disease has a multifactorial etiology, and the immune response to microbial challenge leads to osteoclast activation and the resorption of the alveolar bone, resulting in tooth loss.

Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antifungal activity of Lippia Thymoide essential oil in oral pathogens

“…In an attempt to resolve such complications and promote more effective and less harmful treatment, different therapeutic alternatives may be tested such as the herbal medicine [25][26][27][43][44][45] .…”

Essential oils biological activity of the Lippia alba (Verbenaceae) shrub

“…Nematicidal activity of chemotypes I and III was reported on Meloidogyne incognita at concentrations from 0.1-2.5 ml/L, which had mean mortality percentages from 22 to 100 %, in dependent dosage; and diminished eclosion rate from 47 to 9 % (Moreira, Santos, & Innecco, 2009). Antimicrobial and antifungal activity has been reported on periodontal-pathogenic microorganisms (Juiz et al, 2015;Bersan et al, 2014), cariogenic organisms (Bersan et al, 2014), enterobacteria (Pino, Ortega, Rosado, Rodríguez, & Baluja, 1996;Machado, Nogueira, Pereira, Sousa, & Batista, 2014), dermatophytes (Costa et al, 2014;Tangarife-Castaño et al, 2012), phytopathogens (Mena-Rodríguez, Ortega-Cuadros, Merini, Melo- Ríos, & Tofiño-Rivera, 2018;Anaruma et al, 2010), sulfate reductase (Souza et al, 2017a), important pathogens in aquiculture (Souza et al, 2017b;Majolo, Rocha, Chagas, Chaves, & Bizzo, 2017;Sutili et al, 2015), Candida albicans (Mesa-Arango et al, 2010;Santos et al, 2016a;Mesa-Arango et al, 2009), aspergillosis (Mesa-Arango et al, 2010;Glamočlija, Soković, Tešević, Linde, & Colauto, 2011;Mesa-Arango, et al, 2009), Cryptococcosis (Santos et al, 2016a); gastrointestinal, cutaneous, and nosocomial infections (Pino et al, 1996;Machado et al, 2014;Porfírio et al, 2017); under the MIC interval between 4.0-9 370 µg/ml and MBC 6.5-2 500 µg/ml for bacteria (Table 2), and MIC 31.25-2 000 and MBC/ MFC 500-1 250 µg/ml for fungus (Table 3). 2008), and is approved for over-the-counter sale as antiseptic for external use and adjuvant in the treatment of anxiety of nervous origin in humans (INVIMA, 2018).…”

“…In biomedical sciences, research has provided effective tools to solve problems related with amoebic infections (Santos et al, 2016b), herpetic infections (Agudelo-Gómez et al, 2010), tropical diseases e.g. like dengue (Ocazionez et al, 2010), leishmaniasis (Escobar et al, 2010;Neira et al, 2018), trypanosomiasis (Escobar et al, 2010;Baldissera et al 2017;Moreno et al, 2018), and yellow fever (Meneses et al, 2009), control of vectors, like Aedes aegypti (Vera et al, 2014;Castillo et al, 2017;Ríos et al, 2017;Aldana & Cruz, 2017), mycosis (Mesa-Arango et al, 2010;Santos et al, 2016a;Glamočlija et al, 2011), in-hospital diseases (Santos et al, 2016a;Pino et al, 1996;Machado et al, 2014), and diseases related with the oral cavity (Juiz et al, 2015;Bersan et al, 2014).…”

Antimicrobial Activity and Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Verbenaceae Species Growing in South America

“…The EO of Lippia alba was active against Candida albicans [ 84 ], six E. coli serotypes [ 81 ], pathogenic bacteria which contaminate food [ 85 ], filamentous fungi [ 86 ], and oral pathogens with MIC and MBC values between 0.006–3.2 mg/mL [ 31 ].…”