Essential Oil From Psidium guajava Leaves: An Excellent Source of β-Caryophyllene

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the chemical composition of the essential oil extracted from Psidium guajava leaves and to explore the medicinal value of β-caryophyllene in pharmaceutical science. The essential oils of P. guajava leaves were extracted by the hydrodistillation method, using a Clevenger-type apparatus and the chemical composition of essential oils was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The yield of extracted essential oils was 0.6% (w/w) dry weight. The main compounds found in the leaves were β-caryophyllene (20.34%), globulol (8.20%), trans-nerolidol (7.72%), aromadendrene (4.34%), cis-α-bisabolene (3.82%), tetracosane (3.68%), octadecane (3.66%), Z,Z,Z-1,5,9,9-tetramethyl-1,4,7cycloundecatriene (3.44%), β-bisabolene (3.41%), limonene (3.09%), octacosane (2.88%), δ-cadinene (2.52%), and 1,4-cadadiene (2.04%). The main chemical class of the essential oil was terpenoids, which represent 71.65%, followed by hydrocarbons (26.31%). A total of 50 components were identified, among these β-caryophyllene was found to be dominant, which has great medicinal value, and some other compounds were also identified for the first time in the essential oil of P. guajava leaves.

Comparative Chemical Profiles of the Essential Oils from Different Varieties of Psidium guajava L.

“…In the EQ variety, the main compounds detected were β -caryophyllene, globulol, trans -nerolidol, and α -copaene, recorded at 43.20, 10.57, 9.03, and 6.71%, respectively ( Table 1 ). The EQ EO results were similar to the figures reported for the Pakistani variety [ 15 ]. According to these results, D-limonene and α -pinene might be assigned as a chemo-taxonomical fingerprint for the RM guava variety, while trans -nerolidol and α -copaene can be assigned for the EQ variety.…”

“…The extracted EOs showed considerable variation in the yields, wherein they produced 0.48, 0.25, 0.21, 0.19, 0.18, 0.15, and 0.11% ( v/w ) for ESEG, RI, E, RM, WI, EQ, and RT, respectively. The oil obtained from the ESEG guava variety was comparable to that extracted from varieties of P. guajava cultivated in Pakistan (0.60%) [ 15 ], Tunisia (0.66%) [ 26 ], Brazil (0.40%) [ 6 ], and Oman (0.38%) [ 16 ]. In contrast, other studied varieties attained lower yields compared to other investigated varieties (Brazilian, Tunisian, and Omani).…”

“…The biological activities of P. guajava leaves usually correlate to its essential oils (EOs) and volatiles that represent the main constituents of the leaves. Many compounds can be characterized from the EOs that are extracted from guava leaves around the world, especially the terpenoids, such as limonene, α-pinene, eucalyptol, caryophyllene isomers, α-humulene, γ-murolene, selinene isomers, β-bisabolene, caryophyllene oxide, and epi-β-cubenol [5][6][7]15,16]. The EOs' composition is reported to be affected by various exogenous factors, such as precipitation, light, season, altitude, and soil characteristics.…”

Monoterpenes and Sesquiterpenes of Essential Oils from Psidium Species and Their Biological Properties

“…The profile I was characterized by sesquiterpenes with caryophyllane, acyclic and aromadendrene types. Primary compounds were E -caryophyllene (15.8–24.6%), E -nerolidol (7.7–35.6%), caryophyllene oxide (5.1%), (2 Z ,6 E )-farnesol (6.7%), and ledol (5.5%) of oil records from Asia (Pakistan) and Europe (France) [ 49 , 50 , 51 ]. Profile II corresponded to a record oil from Cuba, rich in the sesquiterpenes of caryophyllane, acyclic, cadinane and aromadendrene types: E -caryophyllene (21.6%), E -nerolidol (l9.2%), selin-11-en-4α-ol (13.4%), viridiflorene (8.8%), α-selinene (8.3%), caryophyllene oxide (8.2%), and cedr-8(15)-en-9α-ol (7.9%) [ 52 ].…”

A Systematic Review of Essential Oils and the Endocannabinoid System: A Connection Worthy of Further Exploration

“…Widely distributed in essential oils, black pepper (Piper nigrum), melissa (Melissa officinalis), guava leaf (Psidium guajava), hemp (Cannabis sativa), clove (Eugenia caryophyllata), and ylang ylang (Cananga odorata), but most abundantly found in copaiba (Copaifera spp. ; up to 87.3%) [20], beta-caryophyllene (BCP) is a sesquiterpene alkene and atypical dietary cannabinoid [21][22][23][24][25]. In nature, BCP is frequently found together with small quantities of its isomers, isocaryophyllene, and alpha-humulene or in mixture with its oxidation product caryophyllene oxide.…”