Essential Fatty Acids in the Diet of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): Physiological Symptoms of EFA Deficiency

Castell, John D.; Sinnhuber, R. O.; Lee, D. J.; Wales, J. H.

doi:10.1093/jn/102.1.87

Cited by 106 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…On the other hand, the addition of linoleic acid or its metabolic products, such as arachidonic acid or prostaglandin E 2 , to the EFAD diet have been shown to prevent impairment of the reproductive function (Burr and Burr, 1930 ;AlfinSlater et al, 1965 ;Tinoco et al, 1971 ;Hafiez, 1974 (Turpeinen, 1938 ;Panos and Finerty, 1953 Rivers, 1978 ;Rivers and Frankel, 1981 ;Tinoco, 1982) and, to our knowledge, there is no bibliographical evidence suggesting that n-3 fatty acids are required to maintain a normal pattern of estrous cycles. However, changes in other physiological functions have been observed in animals selectively deprived of n-3 fatty acids for prolonged periods (Castell et al, 1972 ;Benolken, Anderson and Wheeler, 1973 ;Lamptey and Walker, 1976 (Alling et al, 1972). In contrast with other authors (Evans, Lepkovsky and Murphy, 1934 ;Kummerow, Pan and Hickman, 1952), we found that sterility and maternal mortality during parturition were not significantly different among the three groups.…”

contrasting

confidence: 99%

The influence of an essential fatty acid deficient-diet on the reproductive performance of female rats

Parlanti¹,

Orellana²

1985

Reprod. Nutr. Dévelop.

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contrasting

confidence: 99%

The influence of an essential fatty acid deficient-diet on the reproductive performance of female rats

Parlanti¹,

Orellana²

1985

Reprod. Nutr. Dévelop.

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“…Despite the lack of correlation between haematological values and dietary PUFAs from this study, haematocrit and haemoglobin values for charr generally fell within the range reported for other salmonids (Castell et al 1972a;Greene and Selivonchick 1990;Sandnes et al 1988) and suggests an absence of anaemia (Cho 1983). Charr fed diets containing 1.0% 18:2n-6 or 0.1% 18:3n-3 had much Mean (+ SEM) for each replicate was determined from pooled livers of 5-10 fish; 2 Collected at the end of 2 weeks of acclimation; lower haematocrit and haemoglobin values compared to those given diets containing > 0.1% n-3 PUFAs and differs from data reported for rainbow trout (Castell et al 1972a).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 43%

“…Charr fed diets containing 1.0% 18:2n-6 or 0.1% 18:3n-3 had much Mean (+ SEM) for each replicate was determined from pooled livers of 5-10 fish; 2 Collected at the end of 2 weeks of acclimation; lower haematocrit and haemoglobin values compared to those given diets containing > 0.1% n-3 PUFAs and differs from data reported for rainbow trout (Castell et al 1972a). Whether this is due to the physiological and metabolic differences between these two species remains to be investigated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Effects of dietary n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on lipid and fatty acid composition and haematology of juvenile Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.)

Yang

Tabachek

Dick

1994

Fish Physiol Biochem

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The effect of dietary n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on juvenile Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.) were investigated with respect to essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency and lipid metabolism using one commercial and 12 casein-based test diets. Arctic charr with mean weight of 1.6g were fed test diets for 12 weeks at 10°C. At the end of the feeding, blood, liver, muscle and whole fish were sampled to determine haematocrit, haemoglobin, water content, lipid and fatty acid composition. Charr fed diets containing 0-1.0% n-3 PUFAs showed typical EFA deficiency signs: fatty liver or elevated water content in whole body or substantial accumulation of 20:3n-9 in liver polar lipids. These signs were less apparent or disappeared when charr were fed diets containing ≥ 2.0% 18:3n-3. No correlation was found between dietary PUFAs and haematocrit or haemoglobin values. Significant changes in fatty acid composition of liver polar lipids in charr fed dietary PUFAs indicate that charr can convert 18:3n-3, 18:2n-6 and 20:5n-3 into long-chain PUFAs. While charr had a direct incorporation of dietary 22:6n-3 into liver and muscle there appears to be preferential utilization of n-3 PUFAs for elongation and desaturation. The conversion of 18:4n-3 was less in muscle than in livers. These findings, combined with data on growth and feed efficiency reported previously by Yang and Dick (1993), indicate that charr require 1-2% dietary 18:3n-3 (dry weight). Small amounts of dietary 18:2n-6 (up to 0.7%) did not have detrimental effects on charr.

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“…Castell et al (1972a) also observed this behavior in EFA-deficient rainbow trout during weighing. In addition, Castell et al (1972b) discovered that these fish had abnormal mitochondrial swelling, indicating a disturbance in cellular respiration. In the present study, gill tissue damage on a gross level was evident in fish fed 7% tristearin which occasionally bled from the gills during handling.…”

Section: Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Essential fatty acid requirement of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)

Lochmann

Gatlin

1993

Fish Physiol Biochem

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Feeding experiments and laboratory analyses were conducted to establish the essential fatty acid (EFA) requirement of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Juvenile red drum were maintained in aquaria containing brackish water (5 ± 2‰ total dissolved solids) for two 6-week experiments. Semipurified diets contained a total of 70% lipid consisting of different combinations of tristearin [predominantly 18:0] and the following fatty acid ethyl esters: oleate, linoleate, linolenate, and a mixture of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) containing approximately 60% eicosapentaenoate plus docosahexaenoate. EFA-deficient diets (containing only tristearin or oleate) rapidly reduced fish growth and feed efficiency, and increased mortality. Fin erosion and a "shock syndrome" also occurred in association with EFA deficiency. Of the diets containing fatty acid ethyl esters, those with 0.5-1% (n-3) HUFA (0.3-0.6% eicosapentaenoate plus docosahexaenoate) promoted the best growth, survival, and feed efficiency; however, the control diet containing 7% menhaden fish oil provided the best performance. Excess (n-3) HUFA suppressed fish weight gain; suppression became evident at 1.5% (n-3) HUFA, and was pronounced at 2.5%. Fatty acid compositions of whole-body, muscle and liver tissues from red drum fed the various diets generally reflected dietary fatty acids, but modifications of these patterns also were evident. Levels of saturated fatty acids appeared to be regulated independent of diet. In fish fed EFA-deficient diets (containing only tristearin or oleate), monoenes increased and (n-3) HUFA were preferentially conserved in polar lipid fractions. Eicosatrienoic acid [20:3(n-9)] was not elevated in EFA-deficient red drum, apparently due to their limited ability to transform fatty acids. Red drum exhibited some limited ability to elongate and desaturate linoleic acid [18:2(n-6)] and linolenic acid [18:3(n-3)]; however, metabolism of 18:3(n-3) did not generally result in increased tissue levels of (n-3) HUFA. Based on these responses, the red drum required approximately 0.5% (n-3) HUFA in the diet (approximately 7% of dietary lipid) for proper growth and health.

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Essential Fatty Acids in the Diet of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri): Physiological Symptoms of EFA Deficiency

Cited by 106 publications

References 16 publications

The influence of an essential fatty acid deficient-diet on the reproductive performance of female rats

The influence of an essential fatty acid deficient-diet on the reproductive performance of female rats

Effects of dietary n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on lipid and fatty acid composition and haematology of juvenile Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (L.)

Essential fatty acid requirement of juvenile red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus)

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