Esophageal Epithelial Resistance

Abstract

Besides its important role of digestion and absorption, esophageal tissue has an essential role as a major barrier against intraluminal pathogens like hostile microorganisms and toxins. This barrier function is achieved via various mechanical, chemical, and immunological mechanisms which are typically altered in inflammatory diseases, thereby causing subsequent damage of the mucosa. In this review we will focus on the main structural and functional barriers of host defense within the esophageal mucosa, including the epithelial layer, membrane-bound and secretory mucins, and different types of defensins. In addition, we will discuss the relevance of biofilm on esophageal tissue and will illustrate the importance of different regulators of intestinal permeability like zonulin and desmosomal components.

The role of the transcription factor Sox2 and cytokeratins in the formation and development of the gastroesophageal junction epithelial cell differon

“…The study of patterns of the implementation of mechanisms of histogenesis (a set of processes that lead to the formation and restoration of tissues in the course of individual development) is now impossible without determining the role of these processes of stem and progenitor cells, the peculiarities of the development and interaction of different cellular clones in the early stages of histogenesis [7,17,22]. Intensive study of stem cells significantly increased the level of our knowledge about the molecular genetic mechanisms of histogenesis and the development of methods for their regulation.…”

“…Thus, in our previous study, we recorded the disappearance of the expression of the transcription factor p63 at the end of the embryonic stage of embryogenesis (7 weeks), resulting in the appearance of a new epithelial cell lineage in the mucosa membrane of GEJ, in the esophagus part of the ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, and in the cardia part -cuboidal and over time, the columnar epithelium, which remained negative for marking p63 until the end of the study. In the esophagus part with the appearance of a stratified squamous epithelium, the transcription factor p63 reappeared in basal epitheliocytes of stratified squamous epithelium [7,16].…”

OEsophageal Ion Transport Mechanisms and Significance Under Pathological Conditions

“…The oesophageal epithelium (OE) is built up from squamous epithelial cells (SECs) arranged in stratified layers. Although the OE is not a typical secretory epithelium, its ion transport processes are of great importance with regard to epithelial resistance (Orlando, 1986;Goldstein et al, 1994;Gunther et al, 2014). OE resistance is an important defense mechanism which prevents cells from reflux-induced acidosis (Fujiwara et al, 2005).…”

Histochemical characterization of epithelial ovarian cancer

“…8,9 Kada je u pitanju lokalna imunološka odbrana sluznica važnu ulogu ima sekretorni imunoglobulin A. 10,11 On se sastoji od sekretorne komponente, jednog J lanca i dva monomera IgA. Sekretorna komponenta je produkt normalnih i izmenjenih epitelnih ćelija sluznice i žlezda i služi kao receptor za vezivanje serumskog IgA koji se nakon toga putem transportnih vezikula u ćeliji egzocitozom prebacuje u lumen i uzima učešće u imunološkoj odbrani.…”

“…Ovu tezu potvrđuje i veliko interesovanje istraživača za mucine zadnjih godina, pogotovo kada se došlo do zaključka da mucini imaju brojne važne uloge u sklopu signalnih puteva (MUC1), kontroli preživljavanja ćelija (MUC4), kao i onkogenezi (MUC13 i MUC16). [8][9][10] U poslednje vreme napor istraživača ide u pravcu korišćenja transmembranskih mucina kao ciljne grupe za antitumorsku terapiju što samo potvrđuje našu sugestiju da su kvalitativne i kvantitativne izmene mucina kod ovarijalnih neoplazmi od visokog prognostičkog značaja. 16,17 …”