Esfera Pública E Democracia No Pensamento De J. Rawls, J. Habermas E C. Mouffe: Teorias Políticas E Democráticas Em Debate

Abstract

Resumo Esfera pública e democracia são temas que se entrelaçam de vários modos em grande parte dos estudos normativos e democráticos dos últimos quarenta anos. Neste artigo, procuramos mostrar como essa relação tem sido pensada, a partir da teorização de pensadoras(es) de três importantes vertentes das teorias políticas e democráticas contemporâneas: (1) o liberalismo político de J. Rawls, cuja ideia de democracia vincula as noções de sociedade democrática, cultura política e amizade cívica; (2) a teoria crítica de J. Habermas, que propõe um modelo procedimental de democracia articulado às concepções de publicidade e solidariedade; e (3) o pluralismo agonístico radical de matriz pós-estruturalista de C. Mouffe, que postula um elo estreito entre democracia e uma compreensão agonística da sociedade. Por fim, (4) apontamos como diagnósticos atuais em torno da crise da democracia põem sob suspeita a disponibilidade e a permanência da esfera pública em suas diversas proposituras contemporâneas.

El populismo y la crisis de la democracia: la soberanía popular en disputa

“…La emergencia de liderazgos políticos hostiles a las democracias liberales es un fenómeno transnacional que revela un profundo malestar acerca de la dinámica de participación y representación en las democracias consolidadas, como atestan varios autores y autoras de peso en el debate democrático (Taggart, 2002;Mudde, 2004;Albertazzi y McDonnell, 2008;Mudde y Kaltwasser, 2017;Mounk, 2019;Inglehart y Norris, 2019;Malkopoulou y Kirshner, 2019;Przeworski, 2020). Esa insatisfacción se manifiesta de diversas formas, en medio de una ola de transformaciones sociales, económicas y políticas aceleradas que generan insatisfacciones y remordimientos de todo tipo: aumento de la desigualdad social, crecientes tasas de abstención electoral, desconfianza de los ciudadanos hacia las instituciones representativas, aislamiento y tecnización de la política y de la economía, impactos de la digitalización de la vida, transformaciones en el ámbito de las relaciones de género y crisis ambiental, entre otras (Rosanvallon, 2007;Cooper, 2017;Castells, 2018;Runciman, 2018;Levitsky y Ziblatt, 2018;Brown, 2019;Biroli y Teixeira, 2022;Kritsch y Silva, 2022).…”

Budget Execution in Public Procurement Processes of Goods and Services of a Higher Polytechnical School. Chimborazo, 2023

“…One of the theories with greater relevance in our research is the economic theory, because it has an impact on public procurement since it stands out for its dominance in the direction of state funds, based on constitutional rigidity with a focus on economic theory, with respect to contracts, process management and negotiation, facing the unforeseen consequences, with not excessive procedural rigidity (Rampa, 2021) the knowledge in this theory allows economic, practical and tactical growth, and progressively explicit theoretical, since it allows founding institutions with knowledge of the economic activity they develop considering, the usury debate; monetary theory; and banking development (Schefold, 2020). These contemporary political and democratic theories intertwine both the independent variable budget execution with the dependent processes of public procurement, because democracy and its theorization affect aspects such as; (a) political liberalism and mentions the importance of the notions of society, politics, culture and civic friendship; b) the conception of solidarity and c) post-structuralist pluralism of society, which relates that public policies are based on several theories for their creation, based on the fact that the execution and contracting of goods of a state must be legally and theoretically supported for its application (Kritsch & da Silva, 2022b) within the framework of public policies it is essential to technify and modernize several processes in matters of contracting and execution by the state in a reliable way (Barragán, 2018). In the same way, the realistic theory refers to the fact that budget execution and public procurement are related to the management carried out by governments, since they resist giving information about the social conditions they are going through, and are related to inequality discrimination accompanied by exploitation, referring to the decision of International Organizations in the direction of the public capital of a state, Based on these theories, governments respond negatively by demanding that they be held accountable for the actions they carry out in the management of public budgets, taking into account that the fulfillment of these activities of a government is not promoted (Koliev & Lebovic, 2022b).…”