Erythropoietin as neuroprotective and neuroregenerative treatment strategy: Comprehensive overview of 12 years of preclinical and clinical research

Widespread Expression of Erythropoietin Receptor in Brain and Its Induction by Injury

“…shape-change and growth, or modulation of plasticity, in a cell-type and stimulation-dependent manner (5,(12)(13).…”

Erythropoietin (EPO) Increases Myelin Gene Expression in CG4 Oligodendrocyte Cells through the Classical EPO Receptor

“…Ilaria Cervellini, 1* Alexander Annenkov, 2* Thomas Brenton, 1 Yuti Chernajovsky, 2 Pietro Ghezzi, 1 and Manuela Mengozzi 1 tial protective role of the classical receptor (23). Recent studies have indicated that the spectrum of actions of EPOR can go beyond those induced by its homodimerization, and the tissue-protective activities of EPO might be due, at least in part, to heterodimerization of EPOR with the common β chain (bc) of interleukin (IL)-3/IL-5 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF).…”

“…Erythropoietin (EPO) has protective effects and decreases neuroinflammation in various models of neurological diseases, including traumatic and ischemic injury of the brain and the spinal cord and multiple sclerosis (MS) (1,2). Inhibition of neuronal death and neuroinflammation are important for the protective effects (3).…”

Therapeutic Efficacy of Tadalafil and Eriythropoietin in Experimental Spina Cord Injury

“…EPO has been claimed to promote axonal regeneration to increase neoangiogenesis, to inhibit apoptosis, to have anti-inflammatory effects, to have anti-ischemic effects, to decrease microglial infiltration, to inhibit scar formation, and thereby may contribute to neurological improvement. [15][16][17][18][19] Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of neuroprotection of EPO is still not certain. Even if key determinant to EPO secretion is hypoxia, EPO receptors are more sensitive to pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-1 and interleukin-1 beta than hypoxia.…”