Errors in the Heat of Battle: Taking a Closer Look at Shared Cognition Breakdowns Through Teamwork

Abstract

Objective: We developed a theoretically based taxonomy for classifying shared cognition breakdowns related to teamwork which contribute to fratricide incidents. Background: Fratricide on the battlefield is an inescapable cost of war. A number of technological advancements have been made in terms of combat identification systems to reduce the risk of these incidents. However, fratricide continues to occur at alarming rates. Method: We take a human-centered approach to understanding errors leading to fratricide incidents by focusing on shared cognition. We turn to the literature and provide the theoretical foundations for an error classification taxonomy to improve understanding of why fratricide incidents occur. Results: Based on our review of the literature, we identified a number of problem areas leading to fratricide incidents. However, many of the cited contributing factors were broad terms (e.g., poor coordination) and did little to tell us why the breakdown occurred and where improvements are needed. Therefore, we chose to focus on one specific area — teamwork breakdowns — and discuss in depth how these breakdowns contribute to fratricide. Conclusion: In this paper, we take a first step toward proposing a taxonomy that allows for the diagnostic assessment of what causes teamwork breakdowns in fratricide. We understand that a taxonomy is only as good as the data available and encourage richer case studies from which to learn. Application: To apply this taxonomy in an operational setting, we provide a set of behavioral markers that can be used to identify teamwork breakdowns on the battlefield.

Interrogating “privacy” in a world brimming with high political entanglements, surveillance, interdependence & interconnections

“…That is a sentiment that is heard repeatedly, in relation to fratricide events. It has been identified that, carelessness; disorientation; confusion; poor leadership; inadequate training and experience on such things as procedures and communications; language barriers; lack of appreciation of technology, technology deployment area, and action ecosystems are some of the problem facets behind fratricide [20]. Nevertheless, does training fix such problems in the modern world?…”

Decision-Making: Preventing Miscommunication and Creating Shared Meaning Between Stakeholders

“…Table 3 describes the characteristics of teams that display these effective communication and advice provision styles. Implicit communication also facilitates the maintenance of situational awareness during periods of dynamic information as it allows decision makers to focus on task management (see review in Doyle et al 2015;Paton and Jackson 2002;Paton 2003;Wilson et al 2007;Owen et al 2013). For this to occur, these scientists and experts must recognise and understand the needs of the decision makers, as well as their timelines and thresholds, supplying information that is useful, useable, and used (Rovins et al 2014).…”

“…These past experiences, through both response and exercises, has identified that this SAG Table 3 Characteristics of teams that display effective communication and advice provision styles during a multi-agency crisis response Provision of science advice should involve (Paton and Jackson 2002;Paton 2003) Effective team communication involves (Wilson et al 2007;Owen et al 2013) Effective team and interagency science advice communication (Doyle et al 2015) Anticipation and definition of information needs Accurate and timely information exchange, correct phraseology and 'closed-loop' communication techniques…”

Human Errors and Human Factors in Service Delivery Processes: A Literature Review and Future Works

“…인간공학 연구는 상호작용(Interaction)과 계면(Interface) 에 대한 연구로 정의할 수 있다 (Wilson, 1999 (Marquardt et al, 2010;O'Connor & Cohn, 2009;Salas et al, 2008;Wilson et al, 2007 (Stewart & Chase, 1999) (Hollnagel, 1996;Shorrock & Kirwan, 2002 Figure 1는 이러한 관점에서 제시된 의료실수의 계층구조다 (Zhang, et al, 2002). 실제로 의료팀에서 생기는 많은 의료실수는 조 직의 문제 또는 구성원 간의 의사소통의 문제에서 기인하였 다 (Awad, et al, 2005;Reader, et al, 2007).…”