The United Nations Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is briefly described, highlighting the role of mass spectrometry in the verification provisions of the Convention. These include mechanisms for the monitoring of chemicals contained in 'schedules', and the inspection of sites and facilities relevant to the CWC. The analysis of polar degradation products of chemical warfare agents by electrospray mass spectrometry is discussed, in particular, with respect to its potential application in the verification of the CWC.
SUMMARY— Studies were undertaken to develop a nutritious and aesthetically attractive protein concentrate from commercial meat and bone meal. Flotation in carbon tetrachloride was used to separate meat residues from the bulk of the bone. The meat residues had moderate nutritional merit in rat feeding trials. Further improvement was achieved by size separation or by base extraction. The finer fraction from size separation had a more favorable amino acid balance and gave better growth rates and protein efficiency ratios (PER) than did the unfractionated material. Growth rates increased markedly as the amount in the diet was increased to give 15 and 20% protein. It had more than an additive effect on growth and PER as a supplement to wheat flour or whole corn. Extraction with base improved amino acid balance, growth response and flavor. Addition of 9% of the base‐extracted material to rice or biscuits had little effect on flavor; a gray‐red color remained prominant. Overall yields of the base‐extracted material starting with meat and bone meal were about 34%. The protein content of the product was about 88% on a dry weight basis. Its PER when 2% methionine was added was 75% of that of casein (without added methionine) in a rat feeding experiment. The cost of production is estimated at about $0.13/lb when allowance is made for methionine addition and for sale of residues from the production process as an animal feed supplement
The term Incapacitating Chemical Agents (or Incapacitants) was chosen to describe different classes of chemical warfare agents that were being developed in the 1950s. This article considers some of the types of chemicals and their properties that have been discussed more recently under the terminology of Incapacitating Chemical Agents, including opioids of the fentanyl class, and how these psychochemicals are relevant to the Chemical Weapons Convention. This article argues that the term Incapacitating Chemical Agents is inaccurate and misleading and will be a potential cause of confusion when Member States of the Chemical Weapons Convention are discussing the types of toxic chemicals which are permitted for use for various law enforcement purposes including domestic riot control. This article then argues that the term Central Nervous System-acting chemicals is a more accurate and appropriate description of psychochemicals such as the fentanyls, and use of this term will hopefully facilitate a more constructive discussion within the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW). In other words, it is important to ‘get the science clearly understood first’, to enable a more constructive discussion by policy-makers, lawyers and military experts.
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