Error-related pupil dilation is sensitive to the evaluation of different error types

Maier, Martin E.; Ernst, Benjamin; Steinhauser, Marco

doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2018.12.013

Cited by 29 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…In this sense, the increased pupil dilation following refixations may reflect cortical mechanisms associated with adaptive behavior and maintaining efficient task performance. Such error-related pupil dilation was reported recently in a study by Maier, Ernst, & Steinhauser (2019), for example. It is also possible however that the refixation component seen for both targets and distractors was caused by systematic PFE related to the spatiotemporal distribution of eye movements around refixations, although this was not explored in these data.…”

Section: Pupil Dilation Behavioral Context and The Brainsupporting

confidence: 77%

Component processes in free-viewing visual search: Insights from fixation-aligned pupillary response averaging

2020

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Pupil size changes during a visual search may reflect cognitive processes, such as effort and memory accumulation, but methodological confounds and the general lack of literature in this area leave the reliability of findings open to question. We used a novel synthesis of experimental methods and averaging techniques to explore how cognitive processing unfolds during free-viewing visual search for multiple targets. Twenty-seven participants completed 152 searches across two separate 1-hour sessions. The number of targets present (Targets: 0, 1, 2, and 3) in each trial was the main manipulation and the task was to "find all of the targets" and report the total via mouse-click at the end of the trial. Search time lasted for 10 seconds or until the participant purported to have found all of the targets, in which case they could terminate the search via keypress. Whole-trial pupil analysis revealed a significant effect of button pressing as well as a significant main effect of targets for trials that were not self-terminated via button press. Fixation-aligned pupil responses revealed transient modulations in pupil size following initial fixations on targets but not distractors and refixations on both targets and distractors. Owing to rigorous control over experimental confounds and a detailed analysis and correction of eye-movement-related measurement error, we confidently discuss these findings in terms of task-related processing and underlying brain activity.

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Section: Pupil Dilation Behavioral Context and The Brainsupporting

confidence: 77%

Component processes in free-viewing visual search: Insights from fixation-aligned pupillary response averaging

2020

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“…Data were segmented separately for error trials and correct trials, provided that both types of trials were incongruent and that they were preceded and followed by a correct response. Incongruent errors were only included when participants selected the key associated with the distractor of that trial (distractor errors, see Maier, Ernst, & Steinhauser, 2019). Participants were only included if at least 14 artefact-free EMG trials per condition were retained.…”

Section: Results Facial Emg Analyses: Distractor Errors Versus Incongmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second subset used the same selection criteria and the additional criterion that participants during incongruent errors selected the key associated with the distractor of that trial (distractor errors). Although the existing fEMG studies (Elkins-Brown., Lindström et al, 2013) have not analyzed their data using these strict criteria, they allow to dissociate the effects of congruency from errors (subset 1) and to test whether distractor errors show more distinct fEMG responses (subset 2), as has been suggested in a recent study on error types and pupil dilation (Maier, Ernst, & Steinhauser, 2019). The results of these analyses are reported in the supplement.…”

Section: Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although results were descriptively similar to the main analysis reported above, corrugator EMG for early time intervals (i.e., initial negative valence) failed to reach the level of significance, which possibly could be due to reduced power. In any case, it would be informative for future research to provide a more fine-grained analysis of EMG responses to both conflict and errors (e.g., by differentiating between different types of errors for conflict and non-conflict trials, see Maier, Ernst, & Steinhauser, 2019).…”

Section: Implicit Affect Regulation Following Controlled Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Temporal dynamics of error-related corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus major activity: Evidence for implicit emotion regulation following errors

Dignath

Berger

Spruit

et al. 2019

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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According to feedback control models, errors are monitored and inform subsequent control adaptations. Despite these cognitive consequences, errors also have affective consequences. It has been suggested that errors elicit negative affect which might be functional for control adaptations. The present research is concerned with the temporal dynamics of error-related affect. Therefore, we ask how affective responses to errors change over time. Two experiments assessed performance in a Stroop-like task in combination with online measures of facial electromyography that index affective responses specific for muscles that are associated with the expression of negative (corrugator supercilii) and positive affect (zygomaticus major). After errors, corrugator activity first increased relative to correct trials but then decreased (below correct trials) for later time bins. Zygomaticus activity showed a concomitant inverse pattern following errors, such that an initial decrease was followed by a later increase relative to correct trials. Together, this biphasic response in both facial muscles suggests that early negative responses to errors turn into increasingly more positive ones over time. Error-triggered electromyography did marginally predict behavioral adjustments following errors at the inter-individual, but not at the intra-individual level, providing only limited evidence for a functional role of error-related affect for immediate changes in behavior. However, the dynamics of error-related electromyography points to the role of implicit emotion regulation during task performance. We propose that this process helps to maintain homeostasis of positive and negative affect which in the long term could facilitate adaptive behavior.

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“…14,15 In particular, phasic pupil size increases are associated with suboptimal or erroneous decision-making involving high uncertainty. 16,17 However, the association between autonomic arousal and therapeutic decision-making in the context of uncertainty is unknown. A better understanding of pupil dilation as a marker of an autonomic arousal response and TI may facilitate the development of decision-aid tools or other educational interventions to overcome suboptimal or erroneous decision-making in the context of other chronic medical conditions (ie, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of an Educational Intervention on Therapeutic Inertia in Neurologists With Expertise in Multiple Sclerosis

Saposnik

Grueschow

et al. 2020

JAMA Netw Open

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IMPORTANCETherapeutic inertia (TI) is the failure to escalate therapy when treatment goals are unmet and is associated with low tolerance to uncertainty and aversion to ambiguity in physician decision-making. Limited information is available on how physicians handle therapeutic decisionmaking in the context of uncertainty. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether an educational intervention decreases TI by reducing autonomic arousal response (pupil dilation), a proxy measure of how physicians respond to uncertainty during treatment decisions. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this randomized clinical trial, 34 neurologists with expertise in multiple sclerosis (MS) practicing at 15 outpatient MS clinics in academic and community institutions from across Canada were enrolled. Participants were randomly assigned to receive an educational intervention that facilitates treatment decisions (active group) or to receive no exposure to the intervention (usual care [control group]) from December 2017 to March 2018. Participants listened to 20 audio-recorded simulated case scenarios as pupil responses were assessed by eye trackers. Autonomic arousal was assessed as pupil dilation in periods in which critical information was provided (first period [T1]: clinical data, second period [T2]: neurologic status, and third period [T3]: magnetic resonance imaging data). Data were analyzed from September 2018 to March 2020. INTERVENTIONS The traffic light system (TLS)-based educational intervention vs usual care (unexposed). The TLS (use of established associations between traffic light colors and actions to stop or proceed) assists participants in identifying factors associated with worse prognosis in MS care, thereby facilitating the treatment decision-making process by use of established associations between red, green, and yellow colors and risk levels, and actions (treatment decisions). MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESPupil assessment was the primary autonomic outcome. To test the treatment effect of the educational intervention (TLS), difference-in-differences models (also called untreated control group design with pretest and posttest) were used. RESULTSOf 38 eligible participants, 34 (89.4%) neurologists completed the study. The mean (SD) age was 44.6 (11.6) years; 38.3% were female and 20 (58.8%) were MS specialists. Therapeutic inertia was present in 50.0% (17 of 34) of all participants and was associated with greater pupil dilation. For every additional SD of pupil dilation, the odds of TI increased by 51% for T1 (odds ratio, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.12-2.03), by 31% for T2 (odds ratio, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.08-1.59), and by 49% for T3 (odds ratio, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.13-1.97). The intervention significantly reduced TI (risk reduction, 31.5%; 95% CI, (continued) Key Points Question How do physicians handle uncertainty when making live therapeutic decisions? Findings In this randomized clinical trial of 34 neurologists from Canada, an educational intervention showed a significant 31% reduction in therapeutic inertia compared with the control group. Pupil d...

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Error-related pupil dilation is sensitive to the evaluation of different error types

Cited by 29 publications

References 53 publications

Component processes in free-viewing visual search: Insights from fixation-aligned pupillary response averaging

Component processes in free-viewing visual search: Insights from fixation-aligned pupillary response averaging

Temporal dynamics of error-related corrugator supercilii and zygomaticus major activity: Evidence for implicit emotion regulation following errors

Effect of an Educational Intervention on Therapeutic Inertia in Neurologists With Expertise in Multiple Sclerosis

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