Erosion and Sedimentation Processes on Irrigated Fields

Trout, Thomas J.; Neibling, W. H.

doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1993)119:6(947)

Cited by 48 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…A change in furrow slope has a greater impact on furrow-stream erosiveness than varying furrow flow-rates (Trout and Neibling 1993). A pertinent question, therefore, is whether PAM's erosion control potential declines with an increase in field slope.…”

Section: Influence Of Slopementioning

confidence: 99%

Field Results Using Polyacrylamide to Manage Furrow Erosion and Infiltration

Lentz¹,

Sojka²

1994

Soil Science

187

128

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Furrow irrigation-induced soil erosion is a serious threat to sustainable irrigated agriculture globally. Recent field studies have demonstrated that small concentrations of polymers dissolved in irrigation water appreciably reduce soil loss from irrigated furrows and increase net infiltration (total inflow -total outflow). This paper summarizes polymer-related field studies conducted in Idaho on highly erodible silt loam soils (Durixerollic Calciorthids, Xerollic Haplargids, Haploxerollic Durargids). A range of furrow lengths (163-264 m), slopes (0.5-7%), and inflows (15-38 L min') were included in the studies. A moderate-charge-density anionic polyacrylamide (PAM), highly effective for controlling furrow sediment losses, was employed in the field trials. Treatment efficacy depended primarily on application rate, PAM concentration in irrigation water, duration of furrow exposure, and inflow rate. Nontreated furrow soil loss in 75% of the irrigations exceeded soil loss tolerance (T) for these soils, whereas only 13% of the PAM-treated irrigations exceeded T. Those treatments that applied at least 0.7 kg ha' PAM (mean, 1.3 kg ha-1) reduced furrow sediment loss by 94% (range: 80-99%) and increased net infiltration by 15% (range: -8-57%). One of the most effective treatments applied PAM at 10 g m-3 in irrigation inflows during the furrow advance period. This initial highload treatment was nearly twice as effective as a continuous 0.25 g in-3 PAM application on these soils when slopes were 1-2%. The initial high-load treatment protected furrows with slopes ranging from 0.5 to 3.5%. PAM reduced total phospho-

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Section: Influence Of Slopementioning

confidence: 99%

Field Results Using Polyacrylamide to Manage Furrow Erosion and Infiltration

Lentz¹,

Sojka²

1994

Soil Science

187

128

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“…Three main factors influencing furrow erosion are the shear stress of flowing water on the furrow perimeter, cohesivity of soil particles (which affects the stability and size-distribution characteristics of furrow soil), and stream transport capacity (Kemper et al, 1985;Trout and Neibling, 1993). Water quality may influence flow shear by controlling furrow intake and, hence, downfurrow flow rate.…”

Section: Furrow Irrigation Water-quality Effects On Soil Loss and Infmentioning

confidence: 99%

Furrow Irrigation Water‐Quality Effects on Soil Loss and Infiltration

Lentz

Sojka

Carter

1996

Soil Science Soc of Amer J

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Irrigation-induced erosion is a serious problem in the western USA where irrigation water quality can vary seasonally and geographically. We hypothesized that source-water electrical conductivity (EC) and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR = Na/[(Ca + Mg)/2]° 5, where concentrations are in millimoles of charge per liter) affect infiltration and sediment losses from irrigated furrows, and warrant specific consideration in irrigation-induced erosion models. On a fallow Portneuf silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, mesic Durixerollic Calciorthid), tail-water sediment loss was measured from trafficked and nontrafficked furrows irrigated with waters of differing quality. Treatments were the four combinations of low or high EC (0.6 and 2 dS m ') and low or high SAR (0.7 and 12 [mmol, L l]"). Slope is 1%. Twelve irrigations were monitored. Each furrow received two irrigations. Main effects for water quality, traffic, and first vs. second irrigations were significant for total soil loss, mean sediment concentration, total outflow, net infiltration, and advance time. Average tail-water soil losses were 2.5 Mg ha -' from low EC/low SAR furrows, 4.5 Mg ha-' from low EC/ high SAR furrows, 3.0 Mg ha' from high EC/high SAR furrows; and 1.8 Mg ha-' from high EC/low SAR furrows. Elevating water EC decreased sediment concentration from 6.2 to 4.6 g L -', but increasing SAR increased sediment concentration from 6.2 to 8.7 g L-'. Net infiltration decreased 14% in high SAR compared with low SAR treatments. Soil loss increased 68% for second irrigations, and net infiltration fell 23% in trafficked furrows, but water-quality effects were the same. Water quality significantly influenced infiltration and erosion processes in irrigated furrows on Portneuf soils. O F THE ESTIMATED 250 MILLION HA irrigated worldwide, at least 60% is surface irrigated. Soil erosion from irrigation, especially furrow irrigation, contributes to nonpoint-source pollution (Hajek et al., 1990) and is a serious threat to crop productivity in many regions (Carter, 1993).Agricultural research has focused primarily on rainfallinduced soil erosion, with comparatively little attention to furrow-irrigation-induced erosion. A common assumption has been that erosion in rills is mechanistically equivalent to that in irrigated furrows. While shear produced by concentrated flow causes soil detachment and entrainment in both, there are several important differences: (i) rill phenomenon often includes an additional force, raindrop impact, which detaches and transports adjacent soil particles to the rill stream; (ii) a furrow stream initially advances over dry soil, resulting in rapid wetting and destabilization of dry, low-cohesion soil aggregates and increased furrow erosion losses (Kemper et al., 1985), whereas rill soils are prewetted by precipitation; (iii) downstream flow rates decrease in furrows as water infiltrates, but increase in rain-fed rills owing mainly to tributary inflow, hence, furrow flow rates and potential erosion losses are greater in the upper reaches of a...

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“…However, the processes come together and interact very differently in each case (2)(3)(4). The magnitude of the differences depends upon the type of irrigation system and on soil and water properties a.…”

Section: Irrigation's Unique Erosion Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%