Equipping athletes to make informed decisions about performance-enhancing drug use: a constructivist perspective from educational psychology

Moral and ethical decision-making: A chance for doping prevention in sports?

“…However, there is only weak empirical evidence for the effectiveness of such knowledge-based prevention programs (Laure & Lecerf 1999;. Hanson (2009) points out that it is insufficient to merely focus on teaching knowledge about doping. Further educational approaches need to be included.…”

“…The traditional way of education produces knowledge that is difficult to apply when the actual situation arises. Hanson (2009) describes different aspects of how to improve the current anti-doping education. First, the programs need to be evaluated on a regular basis.…”

“…Unfortunately, however, there are no internationally published studies that have documented the effectiveness of these programs. Moreover, the Scandinavian anti-doping campaigns are generally based on tradi-tional teaching, which is less effective for understanding concepts (see Hanson 2009). …”

‘Join us on our journey’: exploring the experiences of children and young people with type 1 diabetes and their parents

“…One such strategy is the constructivist approach advocated by Hanson (2009), which aims to reduce susceptibility of adolescents to misinformation by overcoming deficits in knowledge. However, there is a chance that providing accurate knowledge may have no effect on risk behavior or may even lead to increases in such activities.…”

“…In many cases, it is difficult to determine which aspects of the program changed behavior (Hanson, 2009). Evaluations are based around self-reported use and intention to use AS; where the observed reduction in selfreported intention and use can just as much be the desirable consequence of the intervention program as the undesirable effect of increased perceived need for impression management.…”