Equidistance Effects in Visual Fields

Gogel, Walter C.

doi:10.2307/1420749

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

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“…The assimilation of the slant of a test figure to the slant of the background has been discussed in terms of the equidistance tendency (Gogel, 1965(Gogel, , 1969. If assimilation occurred in the present experiment, it may be seen as a particular instance of this more general effect.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Functional equivalence of masking and cue reduction in perception of shape at a slant

Epstein

Hatfield

1978

Perception & Psychophysics

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In a backward masking paradigm Epstein, Hatfield, and Muise (1977) found that presentation of a frontoparallel pattern mask caused the perceived shape of elliptical figures which were rotated in depth to conform to a projective shape function. The current study extended the masking function by examining the effect of a mask which was partially or wholly cotemporal with the target. The study also assessed the functional equivalence of the masking treatment and the conventional treatment for minimizing depth information. Reports of perceived shape and perceived orientation were obtained under three conditions: binocular without mask, binocular with mask, monocular without mask. Under the first condition, perceived shape conformed to objective shape and perceived orientation was proportional to objective orientation. Under the latter two conditions, perceived shape was in very close agreement to projective shape and the two functions did not differ. Orientation was underestimated greatly under both conditions. We concluded that the effect of the mask on perceived shape is mediated by its effect on encoding of orientation information, although an additional effect on the subsequent stage of shape-slant integration cannot be excluded.Epstein, Hatfield, and Muise (1977) examined the effect of a frontoparallel pattern mask on perception of the shape and the orientation of a family of projectively equivalent elliptical figures which were rotated in depth about the vertical axis. Epstein et a1. found that the perceived shapes of rotated figures which were presented for durations sufficient to allow at least 80070 shape constancy in the absence of a mask tended to correspond to projective rather than objective shape when presentation of the target figure was followed after an interval of 0-50 msec by a pattern mask. The tendency toward projective shape matches became less pronounced as the interstimulus interval was lengthened. The mask also affected perceived orientation. The orientation of the figures was underestimated considerably, although the effect of the mask on perceived orientation was not as great as the effect on perceived shape. Epstein et a1. (1977) proposed an account of the effects of the mask based on the process of perceiving shape-at-a-slant which is modeled by the shape-slant invariance hypothesis (Beck & Gibson, 1955, Epstein, 1973Epstein & Park, 1963;Kaiser, 1967;King, Meyer, Tangney, & Biederman, 1976;Oyama, 1977;Winnick & Rogoff, 1965). It was assumed that the operations suggested by the shapeslant hypothesis are not instantaneous. Registration of projective shape, encoding of orientation and the integration of projective shape and slant information require time. The mask preempts processing and reduces the time available for processing the target. In particular, Epstein et a1. proposed that the mask arrested processing of information about orientation. The effect of the mask on perceived shape was a byproduct of the primary effect on orientation processing.The present experiment had two objective...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Functional equivalence of masking and cue reduction in perception of shape at a slant

Epstein

Hatfield

1978

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…At any rate, if Gogel's (1965Gogel's ( , 1969aGogel's ( , 1969bGogel's ( , 1971 view that perceived size is a function of perceived distance under reduced-viewing conditions is correct, then we can anticipate the results of Experiment 3, contingent upon subjects' perception of distance under reduced-viewing conditions. If subjects in the reduced group perceive their test distance to be less than 132 em, then the size-congruency effect should be attenuated in the reduced group.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Instead, in the absence of distance cues, subjects assume a particular distance and make size estimates accordingly. The tendency to adopt a particular distance in the absence of distance cues, then, implies that Holway and Boring's (1941) retinal-size matches were a result of implied equidistance of the standard and comparison shapes (Gogel, 1965(Gogel, , 1969asee also Wallach & McKenna, 1960). More generally, the equidistance tendency states that as depth cues between two visible objects are reduced, the two objects appear increasingly near each other in depth, regardless of their physical depth separation (Gogel, 1965(Gogel, , 1969a.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Size effects in visual recognition memory are determined by perceived size

Milliken

Jolicœur

1992

Mem Cogn

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Recognition memory for shapes has been shown to depend on differences between the size of shapes at the time of encoding and at the time ofthe memory test (Jolicoeur, 1987). Experiment 1 of the present paper replicates this effect and establishes a set of parameters used in the subsequent experiments. Experiment 2 considers the results of Experiment 1 in light of the distinction between "perceived" size, which, under normal viewing conditions, varies minimally with changes in distance between the observer and object, and "retinal" size, which varies proportionally with viewing distance as an object is moved closer to or farther from an observer. Subjects studied novel shapes and performed a recognition memory test in which the distance from the subject to the viewing screen at the time of testing was different from that at the time of encoding. The viewing distance and the size of the shapes were manipulated such that perceived and retinal sizes were dissociated. The results suggest that the size-congruency effect in memory for visual shape occurs as a result of changes in the perceived size of shapes between the encoding and the testing phases, with little or no contribution of retinal size per se. 83It has long been established that alterations in the orientation of a shape can affect one's ability to recognize that shape (Rock, 1956(Rock, , 1973(Rock, , 1974Rock, Di Vita, & Barbeito, 1981;Rock & Heimer, 1957). Such effects have been attributed to the fact that changes in orientation can lead to "changes in perceived shape," thereby provoking failure of the observer to make contact with the appropriate internal representation. Rock (1974, p. 81) notes, however, that alterations of size, color, or type of contour do not change perceived shape. In so saying, Rock (1974) implies that internal representations of shape are orientation dependent but are independent of other variables, such as size. If this is the case, then recognition memory should not be affected by alterations in the size of shapes.However, recent studies by Jolicoeur (1987) and Kolers, Duchnicky, and Sundstroem (1985) have shown that recognition memory is sensitive to size as well. The studies presented in this paper are concerned with the effects of size on recognition memory; the method used to study size effects is very similar to that used by Jolicoeur (1987). Jolicoeur had subjects study a group of shapes that were of two different sizes. Following this study phase, subjects participated in a recognition phase involving the set of shapes that the subjects had studied and an identical number of shapes not seen previously. Of the shapes seen previously, half of the shapes that were studied small were shown small at test time, and half were shown large. Similarly, half of the shapes studied large were shown large at test time, and half were shown small. The subjects' task in the test phase was to decide as quickly and accurately as possible whether or not they had studied the shape before, while ignoring any size differences. Subjects recogni...

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“…These include two important phenomena related to distance perception: the equidistance tendency (Gogel, 1969a;Gogel & Teitz, 1977) and the specific distance tendency (Gogel & Teitz, 1973). In the equidistance tendency, objects farther away from, or closer to, the viewer appear displaced toward the point of fixation or attention (Gogel & Teitz, 1977;Gogel, 1990).…”

Section: Monocular Stereopsis and Changes In Perceived Distance And Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Toward a new theory of stereopsis.

Vishwanath¹

2014

Psychological Review

214

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Humans can obtain an unambiguous perception of depth and 3-dimensionality with one eye or when viewing a pictorial image of a 3-dimensional scene. However, the perception of depth when viewing a real scene with both eyes is qualitatively different: there is a vivid impression of tangible solid form and immersive negative space. This perceptual phenomenon, referred to as "stereopsis", has been among the central puzzles of perception since the time of da Vinci. After Wheatstone's invention of the stereoscope in 1838, stereopsis has conventionally been explained as a by-product of binocular vision or visual parallax. However, this explanation is challenged by the observation that the impression of stereopsis can be induced in single pictures under monocular viewing. Here I propose an alternative hypothesis that stereopsis is a qualitative visual experience related to the perception of egocentric spatial scale. Specifically, the primary phenomenal characteristic of stereopsis (the impression of 'real' separation in depth) is proposed to be linked to the precision with which egocentrically scaled depth (absolute depth) is derived. Since conscious awareness of this precision could help guide the planning of motor action, the hypothesis provides a functional account for the important phenomenal characteristic associated with stereopsis: the impression of interactability. By linking stereopsis to a generic perceptual attribute, rather than a specific cue, it provides a potentially more unified account of the variation of stereopsis in real scenes and pictures, and a basis for understanding why we can perceive depth in pictures despite conflicting visual signals. StereopsisVishwanath 3

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Equidistance Effects in Visual Fields

Cited by 18 publications

References 0 publications

Functional equivalence of masking and cue reduction in perception of shape at a slant

Functional equivalence of masking and cue reduction in perception of shape at a slant

Size effects in visual recognition memory are determined by perceived size

Toward a new theory of stereopsis.

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