Endophytic microorganisms are found in virtually every plant on earth. Natural products from endophytic fungi have been observed to inhibit or kill a wide variety of harmful microorganisms including, but not limited to, phytopathogens, as well as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoans that affect humans and animals [1]. Fungi belonging to the genus Nigrospora have been a rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites, such as plant growth-inhibiting nigrosporolide and phomalactone, phytotoxic and antibacterial nigrosporins, and phytotoxic lactones [2]. During our continuous chemical investigation of endophytic fungi, we have studied the secondary metabolites of Nigrospora sp. YE 3033 isolated from Aconitum carmichaelii and obtained nine compounds.The fungal strain Nigrospora sp. YE 3033 was isolated from the root of A. carmichaelii collected in Yunnan Province, P. R. China. It was classified as a Nigrospora species by its morphological characteristics and ITS rDNA sequence analysis. The strain was deposited in Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Kunming, P. R. China.The fungus was cultured in 1000 mL Erlenmeyer flasks (u 100) containing 250 mL of potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium at 200 rpm at 28qC for 7 days on a rotary shaker. The culture broth was filtered to remove mycelia. The filtrate was concentrated in vacuum to 5 L and then extracted with EtOAc (5 L) five times. The combined extracts were evaporated to yield 26.0 g of the crude extract, which was subjected to column chromatography on silica gel eluted with CHCl 3 -MeOH gradient (1:0-0:1) to afford six fractions (Fr.1-Fr.6). Repeated chromatography of Fr. 2 on silica gel with petroleum ether-acetone gradient (95:5-1:1) afforded three subfractions: Fr. 2.1-2.3. Fraction 2.1 was chromatographed on silica gel with petroleum ether-EtOAc (8:2) to yield compound 7 (2 mg). Fraction 2.2 was subjected to column chromatography on silica gel with petroleum ether-acetone gradient (8:2, 7:3) to afford compounds 1 (2 mg) and 6 (4 mg). Fraction 2.3 was submitted to column chromatography on silica gel with CHCl 3 -MeOH (95:5) to give compounds 2 (5 mg), 4 (7 mg), and 5 (2 mg). Fraction 4 was subjected to repeated column chromatography on RP-18 silica gel with MeOH-H 2 O gradient (3:7-8:2) and silica gel with CHCl 3 -MeOH gradient (9:1-7:3) to yield compounds 3 (4 mg), 8 (6 mg), and 9 (12 mg).The compounds were investigated by spectroscopic methods, including NMR and mass spectrometry, and were determined as 1,2,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone (1) [3], 1,3,8-trihydroxyanthraquinone (2) [4], rheoemodin (3) [5], 1,3,6-trihydroxy-8-methylanthraquinone (4) [6], aloesaponarin II (5) [7], isozyganein (6) [8,9], 1-acetyl-4,5-dihydroxy-anthraquinone (7) [10], cis-4-hydroxyscytalone (8) [11], and cerebroside B (9) [12]. All the compounds were isolated from the fungal genus Nigrospora for the first time.The minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) values of compounds 2-4, 6, 8, and 9 were determined by the broth microdilution method in 96-well culture plates as described before [13]. The ...