Photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 to value-added fuels is a promising route to reduce global warming and enhance energy supply. However, poor selectivity and low efficiency of catalysts are usually the limiting factor of their applicability. Herein, a photoinduction method was developed to achieve the formation of Cu single atoms on a UiO-66-NH 2 support (Cu SAs/UiO-66-NH 2 ) that could significantly boost the photoreduction of CO 2 to liquid fuels. Notably, the developed Cu SAs/UiO-66-NH 2 achieved the solar-driven conversion of CO 2 to methanol and ethanol with an evolution rate of 5.33 and 4.22 μmol h −1 g −1 , respectively. These yields were much higher than those of pristine UiO-66-NH 2 and Cu nanoparticles/UiO-66-NH 2 composites. Theoretical calculations revealed that the introduction of the Cu SAs on the UiO-66-NH 2 greatly facilitates the conversion of CO 2 to CHO* and CO* intermediates, leading to excellent selectivity toward methanol and ethanol. This study provides new insights for designing high-performance catalyst for photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 at the atomic scale.

Antibodies were used to probe the degree of association of starch biosynthetic enzymes with starch granules isolated from maize (Zea mays) endosperm. Craded washings of the starch granule, followed by release of polypeptides by gelatinization i n 2 % sodium dodecyl sulfate, enables distinction between strongly and loosely adherent proteins. Mild aqueous washing of granules resulted in near-complete solubilization of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, indicating that little, if any, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase is granule associated. In contrast, all of the waxy protein plus significant levels of starch synthase I and starch branching enzyme II (BEll) remained granule associated. Stringent washings using protease and detergent demonstrated that the waxy protein, more than 85% total endosperm starch synthase I protein, and more than 45% of BEll protein were strongly associated with starch granules. Rates of polypeptide accumulation within starch granules remained constant during endosperm development. Soluble and granule-derived forms of BEll yielded identical peptide maps and overlapping tryptic fragments closely aligned with deduced amino acid sequences from BEll cDNA clones. These observations provide direct evidence that BEll exits as both soluble and granule-associated entities. We conclude that each of the known starch biosynthetic enzymes i n maize endosperm exhibits a differential propensity to associate with, or t o become irreversibly entrapped within, the starch granule.Starch has been the subject of much recent interest, with intensive efforts devoted toward improved understanding of its structure, function, biosynthesis, and degradation. Parameters such as the ratio of amylose to amylopectin,

The separation efficiency of photo‐generated carriers is still a great challenge that restricts the practical application of photocatalytic technology. The design of spatial separation path for photo‐generated carriers at atomic level provides an innovative approach to address this challenge. Herein, a facile dual atomic sites strategy, consisting of Cu‐N4 and C‐S‐C active moieties decorated on polymeric carbon nitride (Cu SAs/p‐CNS) is reported to simultaneously achieve the highly efficient separation of photo‐generated electrons and holes for boosting photocatalytic performance. As a proof of concept, the Cu SAs/p‐CNS is successfully applied to the photo‐oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5‐diformylfuran (DFF), which exhibits 77.1% HMF conversion and 85.6% DFF selectivity under visible light irradiation. The activity is considerably higher than that of bulk p‐CN, S doped p‐CN, and p‐CN supported Cu single atom catalysts. Theoretical calculations and experimental results suggest that, during photocatalytic reaction, the isolated Cu‐N4 sites directly capture photo‐generated electrons, while the surrounding S atoms bear photo‐generated holes, which synergistically facilitates the separation of photo‐generated carriers and thus results in enhanced photocatalytic activity. This study provides a new perspective for the rational design of high performance photocatalysts at atomic level.

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H9N2 avian influenza virus has been circulating widely in birds, with occasional infection among humans. Poultry workers are considered to be at high risk of infection with avian influenza due to their frequent exposure to chickens, but the frequency of H9N2 avian influenza virus infections among them is still indistinct. This study was carried out in order to identify the seroprevalence of H9N2 avian influenza virus among poultry workers in Shandong, China. During the period from December 2011 to February 2012, a total of 482 subjects took part in this study, including 382 poultry workers and 100 healthy residents without occupational poultry exposure. Serum samples were collected and tested for the presence of antibodies against H9N2 avian influenza virus by hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and microneutralization (MN) assays. Nine subjects (9/382 = 2.3%) were positive for antibodies against H9N2 avian influenza virus among poultry workers by either HI or MN assays using ≥40 cut-off, while none of the 100 healthy residents were seropositive. In conclusion, our study identified H9N2 avian influenza infections among poultry workers in Shandong, China, and continuous surveillance of H9N2 avian influenza virus infection in humans should be carried out to evaluate the threat to public health.