Epizootics of bovine ephemeral fever on dairy farms in Saudi Arabia

Ma, Farag; al-Sukayran, A; Ks, Mazloum; Am, al-Bukomy

doi:10.20506/rst.17.3.1127

Cited by 12 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The disease observed clinically as epidemics in many regions of the KSA is associated with complications and difficulty in diagnosis. In this study infected cattle showed clinical signs similar to those reported in KSA [6,9,20], in Egypt [7], in Tanzania [21] and in Turkey [22]. The prevalence of BEF and the mortality rate was at its maximum in 2007.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…The disease is characterized by high morbidity and low mortality with various complications [5]. Reported outbreaks show that, there is an increase in the morbidity and mortality rates such in Saudi Arabia during 1990 and 1996 [6] and in Egypt 2000 [7]. Serum samples of 1,480 cattle in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) were examined for the presence of specific neutralizing antibodies to BEFV and the results indicated the transmission of the virus in non-vaccinated cattle [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bovine ephemeral fever epidemics in Kingdom Saudi Arabia: clinical, epidemiological and molecular investigation

Zaghawa

Housawi

Alnaeem

et al. 2017

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) is an arthropod borne Rhabdovirus affects cattle and water buffalo causes acute febrile disease. Methodology: The clinical picture and epidemiological pattern of BEF were described among cattle in epidemics of 2007, 2009 and 2011 in four geographical regions of Kingdom Saudi Arabia (Eastern, Jizan, Qasim, and Riyadh). Serum samples were tested using VNT. Virus isolation and molecular characterization were carried out for the first time in KSA. Results: The main clinical symptoms were fever, stiffness, lameness, salivation and subcutaneous emphysema. The prevalence and the mortality rate of BEF have decreased from 70% and 4.6% in 2007 to 30% and 0.6% in 2011, respectively in the 4 studied areas. There was no region association with higher prevalence of BEF. The intracluster correlation (ICC) was estimated for the first time in KSA as 0.0034. BEFV had been isolated from 11 out of 20 samples (55%) and isolation was confirmed by VNT. The molecular detection of BEFV by RT-PCR and realtime RT-qPCR were found more sensitive for diagnosis of the disease than virus isolation; 80% and 90% for the former tests and 55% for the latter. Three isolates were sequenced, they showed 84.7% -100% identities in between and shared 90.4%-96.5% sequence identity with a previously published sequence from Australia (KF679404). The generated sequences belonged to 3 rd cluster of BEFV glycoprotein. Conclusions: BEF occurrence has cyclic nature and the efficacy of vaccines prepared from local strains has to be evaluated and considered in diseases control.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bovine ephemeral fever epidemics in Kingdom Saudi Arabia: clinical, epidemiological and molecular investigation

Zaghawa

Housawi

Alnaeem

et al. 2017

J Infect Dev Ctries

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“…During the summer months of 1990, BEF occurred in several regions of Saudi Arabia, where the disease began in May [30], and this was probably the source of the BEF virus in our region. The 1999 epidemic in Israel also started on May; however, no information on BEF morbidity in neighboring countries has been reported.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Investigation of Bovine Ephemeral Fever Outbreaks in Israel

Yeruham

Ham²,

Stram

et al. 2010

Veterinary Medicine International

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Outbreaks of bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) occurred in Israel in 1990, 1999, and 2004. The main patterns of BEF spread were similar in the 1990 and in 1999 epidemics, and the BEF virus was probably carried in vectors transported by air streams across the Rift Valley and the Red Sea. In the 2004 outbreak, the primary focus of the disease was the southern Mediterranean coastal plain and the disease agent was apparently brought by infected mosquitoes carried from their breeding site in the Nile Delta by the south-western winds. The disease broke out under optimal ecological conditions, among a vulnerable cattle population and spread rapidly; it showed essentially a spring-summer herd incidence and terminated soon after the night average ambient temperature fell below 16°C in late autumn. The herd incidence of the disease reached 78.4%, 97.7%, and 100% in 1990, 1999, and 2004, respectively. The highest herd incidence, morbidity, and case fatality rates were noted in dairy cattle herds in the Jordan Valley, with morbidity of 20%, 38.6%, and 22.2%, and case fatality rate among affected animals of 2%, 8.6%, and 5.4% in 1990, 1999, and 2004, respectively. The average sero-positivity to BEF in 1999 was 39.5%, which matched the morbidity rate. Comparison among the various age groups showed that the lowest morbidity rates were observed in the youngest age group, that is, heifers up to 1 year, with 3.2%, 3.6%, and 4.2% in 1990, 1999, and 2004, respectively. In heifers from 1 year to calving, the morbidity rates were 13.8%, 14.9%, and 28%, respectively, in first calvers 30.8%, 31.6%, and 28.3%, respectively, and in cows 34.3%, 35.7%, and 27.2%, respectively. All affected cattle were over the age of 3 months. It is hypothesized that mosquitoes and not Culicoides spp. are the vectors of the BEF virus in Israel.

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“…(Kono et al, 2008;Elliott et al, 1990;Kim et al, 2011;Kurogi et al, 1987;Farag et al, 1998). Neutralizing antibodies against BEFV has also been reported in many countries in buffalo, sheep and cattle and is highly variable depending on the age and immune status of ruminants (Farag et al, 1998;Zheng et al, 2010;Jun et al, 2012). Our sero-monitoring after massive Akabane and BEF outbreaks reveals that the overall seropositive rates against AKAV and BEFV are moderate (49.8%) and very low (1.2%), respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…Antibodies against AKAV have also been detected in several other species such as goats, sheep, horses and rhinoceros with the prevalence ranging from 3.8% to 59.8%. (Kono et al, 2008;Elliott et al, 1990;Kim et al, 2011;Kurogi et al, 1987;Farag et al, 1998). Neutralizing antibodies against BEFV has also been reported in many countries in buffalo, sheep and cattle and is highly variable depending on the age and immune status of ruminants (Farag et al, 1998;Zheng et al, 2010;Jun et al, 2012).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The follow up study after massive outbreak of Akabane and bovine ephemeral fever viruses in Korea

Yang¹,

Kim²,

Kim³

et al. 2013

Korean Journal of Veterinary Service

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Since a large number of Akabane and bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) infection occurred in the southern part of Korea in 2010, recent information about seroprevalence of Akabane virus (AKAV) and bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) has been required for preventing both diseases. In this study, serological assay against AKAV and BEFV using virus neutralization assay was conducted using 1,743 bovine sera collected from Namwon, Miryang, Yeongju and Uljin which located in Southern part of Korea from March to May in 2012. The overall seropositive rates for AKAV and BEFV were found to be 49.8% and 1.2%, respectively. The regional distribution of seroprevalence for AKAV ranged from 18.1% to 63.7%. Seroprevalences of AKAV were 63.7% in Miryang, 62.3% in Uljin, 50.7% in Namwon, and 18.1% in Yeongju. The seropositive rates for AKAV in southern part of Korea were higher than the annual average at the national level. On the other hand, seropositive rates of BEFV in four regions were from 0.3 to 3.1%. In detail, regional seroprevalences were 3.1% in Miryang, 2.0% in Uljin, and 1.7% in Yeongju, and 0.3% in Namwon. Even only one year after massive outbreaks, overall seropositive rates were very low, similar to the annual average at the nation level. This result indicates that many number of cattle infected with BEFV may be replaced by new born calf or cattle in farm may not be immunized with vaccines. To prevent another epidemic, a national wide warning should be issued and more aggressive control measure must be implied. Recent global warming phenomenon could lead to more vigorous activity of haematophagous vectors and it is possible that arboviral diseases such as AKAV and BEFV are increased. Therefore, continuous sero-monitoring and extensive vaccination combined with control of haematophagous vectors are important to effectively prevent and control diseases caused by AKAV and BEFV.

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Epizootics of bovine ephemeral fever on dairy farms in Saudi Arabia

Cited by 12 publications

References 12 publications

Bovine ephemeral fever epidemics in Kingdom Saudi Arabia: clinical, epidemiological and molecular investigation

Bovine ephemeral fever epidemics in Kingdom Saudi Arabia: clinical, epidemiological and molecular investigation

Epidemiological Investigation of Bovine Ephemeral Fever Outbreaks in Israel

The follow up study after massive outbreak of Akabane and bovine ephemeral fever viruses in Korea

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