“…Tree age and species composition have affected lichen community composition at smaller geographical scales, with narrower ranges of environmental variation observed for a tropical forest (Frisch et al 2015) or temperate forests (Will-Wolf et al 2006). Direct relationships between bark pH and lichen diversity are well documented in other studies (Kuusinen 1996; Herk 2001; Holz 2003; Cáceres et al . 2007; Li et al 2011; Koch et al 2013) that do not focus on disturbance impacts.…”
Corticolous lichens in the central mountains of Sri Lanka differ with vegetation type, disturbance and climate. All growth forms of lichens were studied in 42 plots (six plots × seven vegetation types), yielding 124 species. Lichen species diversity varied with number of tree species per plot (correlations) and differed with disturbance group, vegetation type and climate zone (general linear models). Lichen community composition (estimated cover of 74 species each at ≥ 3 plots) varied along two ordination gradients secondarily correlated with disturbance (nonmetric multidimensional scaling, NMS). Undisturbed and disturbed plots (mostly grouped by vegetation type) were divided along NMS axis 1, correlating with distance to undisturbed forest. Longest-disturbed plots differed from all others along NMS axis 2 and were correlated with canopy cover. Climate was weakly reflected on the ordination as the proximity of two plot clusters in montane vegetation types. Indicator species analyses (ISA) of lichen cover by plot identified 60 strong indicator species (indicator value ≥ 50%, P < 0.015). Fifty-seven species were indicators for individual vegetation types (28 of them for undisturbed types); three were for a disturbance group only; 11 were also for a disturbance group or climate zone. Most species strongly driving ordination patterns were also ISA indicators. Most lichens were crustose (39, with 24 in the Graphidaceae). Each vegetation type had at least one indicator with trentepohliod algae (increasing for undisturbed plots) and one with chlorococcoid algae. Two visually distinct indicator species, three genera and two multi-genus groups will be useful to parataxonomists in forest evaluation.
“…Tree age and species composition have affected lichen community composition at smaller geographical scales, with narrower ranges of environmental variation observed for a tropical forest (Frisch et al 2015) or temperate forests (Will-Wolf et al 2006). Direct relationships between bark pH and lichen diversity are well documented in other studies (Kuusinen 1996; Herk 2001; Holz 2003; Cáceres et al . 2007; Li et al 2011; Koch et al 2013) that do not focus on disturbance impacts.…”
Corticolous lichens in the central mountains of Sri Lanka differ with vegetation type, disturbance and climate. All growth forms of lichens were studied in 42 plots (six plots × seven vegetation types), yielding 124 species. Lichen species diversity varied with number of tree species per plot (correlations) and differed with disturbance group, vegetation type and climate zone (general linear models). Lichen community composition (estimated cover of 74 species each at ≥ 3 plots) varied along two ordination gradients secondarily correlated with disturbance (nonmetric multidimensional scaling, NMS). Undisturbed and disturbed plots (mostly grouped by vegetation type) were divided along NMS axis 1, correlating with distance to undisturbed forest. Longest-disturbed plots differed from all others along NMS axis 2 and were correlated with canopy cover. Climate was weakly reflected on the ordination as the proximity of two plot clusters in montane vegetation types. Indicator species analyses (ISA) of lichen cover by plot identified 60 strong indicator species (indicator value ≥ 50%, P < 0.015). Fifty-seven species were indicators for individual vegetation types (28 of them for undisturbed types); three were for a disturbance group only; 11 were also for a disturbance group or climate zone. Most species strongly driving ordination patterns were also ISA indicators. Most lichens were crustose (39, with 24 in the Graphidaceae). Each vegetation type had at least one indicator with trentepohliod algae (increasing for undisturbed plots) and one with chlorococcoid algae. Two visually distinct indicator species, three genera and two multi-genus groups will be useful to parataxonomists in forest evaluation.
“…Beside Quercus copeyensis and Q. costaricensis, species from the genera Oreopanax, Viburnum, Myrsine, Weinmannia, Cleyera, Styrax, Cornus, and others were present. The overall diversity of epiphytic bryophytes and macrolichens was high with a similar number of species occurring in the three forest stands (168 species in total; Holz 2006). At the stand level, the total epiphyte biomass increased with stand age from 160 kg dryweight ha -1 in ESF to 520 kg ha -1 in MSF and 3,400 kg ha -1 in OGF (Köhler et al 2008).…”
Tropical upper montane forests usually comprise trees of small stature with a relatively low aboveground productivity. In contrast to this rule, in the Cordillera de Talamanca (Costa Rica), tall trees ([35 m in height and more than 60 cm in diameter) are characteristic for the upper montane old-growth oak forests which are growing at an altitude of almost 3,000 m close to the alpine timberline. For these exceptional forests, productivity data are not yet available. In this study, we analyzed litterfall and its components (tree leaves, litter of epiphytic vascular and non-vascular plants, mistletoes, twigs and other canopy debris) in three forest stands belonging to different successional stages and related seasonal changes in litterfall to micrometeorological variables. The studied stands were early-successional forest (10-15-year-old), mid-successional forest (40-year-old), and old-growth forest. The stands are dominated by Quercus copeyensis and are located at 2,900-m altitude. Total litterfall was highest in the mid-successional forest (1,720 g m -2 y -1 ), and reached 1,288 g m -2 y -1 in the old-growth forest and 934 g m -2 y -1 in the earlysuccessional forest. Litter mass was dominated by leaves in all stages (56-84% of total litterfall). In the oldgrowth forest, however, twigs and small canopy debris particles (33%), epiphytes (6%), and mistletoes (5%) also contributed substantially to litter mass. Leaf litterfall showed a clear seasonal pattern with a negative correlation to monthly precipitation and highest values in the dry season (January-April). However, the strongest correlation existed with minimum air temperature (negative), probably because temperatures already dropped at the end of the rainy season, when precipitation had not yet declined and leaf shedding already increased. In contrast, litterfall of epiphyte mass, and twigs and other debris was mostly dependent on occasional strong winds. We conclude that the upper montane oak forests of the Cordillera de Talamanca are exceptional with respect to the large tree size and the relatively high productivity as indicated by litterfall. Litter mass was especially high in the mid-successional and old-growth forests, where the observed annual totals are among the highest recorded for tropical forests so far.
“…2007). In contrast, S. damicornis has much fewer GBIF entries (508) but exhibits an even wider inferred global distribution pattern (; ); this name is also applied much more frequently to identify green-algal species at a global level, including in the Americas, Europe, Africa and Asia (Durand & Pittier 1891; Stizenberger 1895; Hitchcock 1898; Schiffner 1901; Riddle 1912; Merrill 1913; Howe 1914; Plitt 1921; Malme 1934; Welch 1950; Herre 1951; Imshaug 1956; Zahlbruckner 1956; Dix 1957; Thomasson 1959; Choisy 1960; Follmann 1976; Tønsberg 1990; da Silva et al 1990; Wolf 1993; Brodo 1994; Marcano et al 1996; de Oliveira et al 2002; Käffer & Martins 2005; Nayaka & Upreti 2005; Holz 2006; Sipman 2006; Spielmann 2006; Käffer et al 2007, 2009; Cerón & Quintero 2009; Gumboski & Eliasaro 2011; Joshi et al 2011; Martins et al 2011; Rincón-Espitia et al 2011; Benítez et al 2012; Bungartz et al 2013; Mishra & Upreti 2014; Aptroot 2016; Nelson & Sandoval 2018). At times, the concepts of the two species became rather diffuse; thus, both Flörke (1809) and Acharius (1814) considered S. canariensis an infraspecific entity of S. damicornis .Fig.…”
Short Communication The identity of Sticta damicornis (Ascomycota: Lobariaceae): a presumably widespread taxon is a Caribbean endemic Sticta damicornis (Sw.) Ach., described as Lichen damicornis Sw. (original orthographic variant 'damaecornis' corrected acc. to ICN Art. 60.8, Ex. 20), is one of the most frequently used names for green-algal Sticta species; to a lesser extent, this also applies to the name S. canariensis (Ach.) Bory. Based on published records and occurrence data in public repositories (Fig. 1), both taxa are presumably subcosmopolitan. Sticta canariensis has 2144 occurrence records in GBIF (https://www.gbif.org/species/8491362), most in the Americas and Western Europe but also in southern Africa and the Mascarenes. Notably, most published records refer to Western Europe (including Macaronesia)
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