Epiphyseal union at the innominate and lower limb in a modern Portuguese skeletal sample, and age estimation in adolescent and young adult male and female skeletons

Abstract

This study documents the timing of epiphyseal union at the innominate, femur, tibia, and fibula in a sample of modern Portuguese skeletons. The sample was taken from the Lisbon documented skeletal collection and it is comprised of 57 females and 49 males between the ages of 9 and 25. Individuals are mostly representative of the middle-to-low socioeconomic segment of the early 20th century Lisbon population. A total of 18 anatomical locations were examined for epiphyseal union using a three-stage scheme: 1) no union; 2) partial union; and 3) completed union, all traces of fusion having disappeared. Results show that females are ahead of males by 1-2 years and provide similar age ranges for the stages of union than previous studies. Some variations between studies can be explained by methodological differences between dry bone and radiographic observations. However, a review of the literature indicates that socioeconomic status of a given population seems to be of decisive importance to the rate of ossification and most of the differences in skeletal maturation across studies and populations can probably be ascribed to different levels of social and economic development of the societies in which the individuals lived. Although the effects of socioeconomic status in skeletal maturation are greater during childhood than in adolescence, as to make the timing of epiphyseal union a reliable estimate of age at death, they are not negligible and age estimates should take into account the likely socioeconomic status of the individual, whose remains are under examination. Am J Phys Anthropol 135: 161-170, 2008. V

Animal Models for Evaluation of Bone Implants and Devices

“…15,53,84 Human remodeling rates range from 10% to 55% (average wholebody trabecular bone turnover per year 64 ), with age-associated cortical bone loss occurring primarily at the endocortical endosteum. 10 Bone adjacent to red marrow generally has higher rates of remodeling (eg, 10%-15% per year in ilium trabecular bone) compared with sites adjacent to yellow (fatty) marrow.…”

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“…11 On the other hand, mineralization of teeth is not affected as is their eruption by external factors, such as crowding, retention or early extraction of deciduous teeth, on the other hand, social, economic or malnutrition status may affect skeletal growth. [12][13][14] Most methods of age estimation in children evaluated mineralization of specific sets of teeth, most commonly mandibular. 15 Historically, maxillary teeth were not appropriate for radiologic analysis because of inferior appearance to mandibular teeth and superposition with corresponding skeletal structures on analog X-rays which is now mostly improved and corrected in digital radiography.…”

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“…5,6 Regarding the epiphyseal union of the lesser tronchanter, Shama Y et al 7 reported that age of epiphyseal union of the lesser trochanter was 18-19 in male and women together. Cardoso 8 reported that the lesser trochanter at age of 14 of male showed nonunion.…”