Epiphyseal cartilage canal blood supply to the tarsus of foals and relationship to osteochondrosis

Olstad, Kristin; Ytrehus, Bjørnar; Ekman, Stina; Carlson, Cathy S.; Dolvik, N. I.

doi:10.2746/042516407x239836

Cited by 84 publications

(221 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…7), as previously suspected from examination of histological sections. 88,133 Microfractures were, however, not present at the point where the arterial contrast columns terminated so could not have been the cause of the vascular failure in these foals. 77 The surface of the immature subchondral bone plate was generally irregular in the youngest foals.…”

Section: Diagnostic Imaging Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5). Sagittal, barium-perfused, and Spalteholz-cleared slab, reprinted with permission from Olstad et al 88 Figure 7. In the micro-computed tomography (CT) scan, the lesion shown in Fig.…”

Section: Morphological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…84 It also included 9 Standardbred foals that had been bred from parents with radiographically diagnosed tarsal OCD for the purpose of conducting arterial perfusion studies (see below). These foals were from 0 to 7 weeks old, and examination included the hock, 88 stifle, 86 and fetlock 87 joints of one hindlimb from each foal. Areas of chondrocyte necrosis, centered on necrotic cartilage canal vessels, were observed at the examined cranial distal intermediate ridge of the tibia (Figs. 1-4), 85,88 distal lateral trochlear ridge of the talus and medial malleolus of the tibia predilection sites in the hock, 88 and the lateral trochlear ridge and medial condyle of the distal femur predilection sites in the stifle.…”

Section: Morphological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These foals were from 0 to 7 weeks old, and examination included the hock, 88 stifle, 86 and fetlock 87 joints of one hindlimb from each foal. Areas of chondrocyte necrosis, centered on necrotic cartilage canal vessels, were observed at the examined cranial distal intermediate ridge of the tibia (Figs. 1-4), 85,88 distal lateral trochlear ridge of the talus and medial malleolus of the tibia predilection sites in the hock, 88 and the lateral trochlear ridge and medial condyle of the distal femur predilection sites in the stifle. 84 This work demonstrated that when sufficiently young horses are examined, the early lesions are highly consistent in appearance between different joints and predilection sites, as well as between horses and pigs.…”

Section: Morphological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The blood supply to the epiphyseal growth cartilage of the hock, 88 stifle, 86 and fetlock joints 87 was examined using an arterial barium perfusion technique adapted from earlier studies in pigs. 132 The studies were carried out in the above-mentioned group of Standardbred foals that had been purpose-bred to allow sampling at regular intervals from 0 to 7 weeks old.…”

Section: Morphological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Update on the Pathogenesis of Osteochondrosis

2015

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Osteochondrosis is defined as a focal disturbance in endochondral ossification. The cartilage superficial to an osteochondrosis lesion can fracture, giving rise to fragments in joints known as osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD). In pigs and horses, it has been confirmed that the disturbance in ossification is the result of failure of the blood supply to epiphyseal growth cartilage and associated ischemic chondronecrosis. The earliest lesion following vascular failure is an area of ischemic chondronecrosis at an intermediate depth of the growth cartilage (osteochondrosis latens) that is detectable ex vivo, indirectly using contrast-enhanced micro-and conventional computed tomography (CT) or directly using adiabatic T1r magnetic resonance imaging. More chronic lesions of ischemic chondronecrosis within the ossification front (osteochondrosis manifesta) are detectable by the same techniques and have also been followed longitudinally in pigs using plain CT. The results confirm that lesions sometimes undergo spontaneous resolution, and in combination, CT and histology observations indicate that this occurs by filling of radiolucent defects with bone from separate centers of endochondral ossification that form superficial to lesions and by phagocytosis and intramembranous ossification of granulation tissue that forms deep to lesions. Research is currently aimed at discovering the cause of the vascular failure in osteochondrosis, and studies of spontaneous lesions suggest that failure is associated with the process of incorporating blood vessels into the advancing ossification front during growth. Experimental studies also show that bacteremia can lead to vascular occlusion. Future challenges are to differentiate between causes of vascular failure and to discover the nature of the heritable predisposition for osteochondrosis.

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Section: Diagnostic Imaging Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…5). Sagittal, barium-perfused, and Spalteholz-cleared slab, reprinted with permission from Olstad et al 88 Figure 7. In the micro-computed tomography (CT) scan, the lesion shown in Fig.…”

Section: Morphological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Morphological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Morphological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Morphological Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

An Update on the Pathogenesis of Osteochondrosis

2015

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Fractures in Foals

Ruggles¹

2022

Fractures in the Horse

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Histological confirmation and biological significance of cartilage canals demonstrated using high field MRI in swine at predilection sites of osteochondrosis

Tóth

Nissi

Zhang

et al. 2013

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Cartilage canal vessels in epiphyseal cartilage have a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis/osteochondritis dissecans. The present study aimed to validate high field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods to visualize these vessels in young pigs. Osteochondral samples from the distal femur and distal humerus (predilection sites of osteochondrosis) of piglets were imaged post-mortem: (1) using susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) in an MRI scanner, followed by histological evaluation; and (2) after barium perfusion using μCT, followed by clearing techniques. In addition, both stifle joints of a 25-day-old piglet were imaged in vivo using SWI and gadolinium enhanced T1-weighted MRI, after which distal femoral samples were harvested and evaluated using μCT and histology. Histological sections were compared to corresponding MRI slices, and three-dimensional visualizations of vessels identified using MRI were compared to those obtained using μCT and to the cleared specimens. Vessels contained in cartilage canals were identified using MRI, both ex vivo and in vivo; their locations matched those observed in the histological sections, μCT images, and cleared specimens of barium-perfused tissues. The ability to visualize cartilage canal blood vessels by MRI, without using a contrast agent, will allow future longitudinal studies to evaluate their role in developmental orthopedic disease.

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Epiphyseal cartilage canal blood supply to the tarsus of foals and relationship to osteochondrosis

Abstract: A better understanding of how lesions of OC arise may improve the ability to identify, monitor, prevent and treat this disorder. Involvement of cartilage canals in the pathogenesis of equine tarsal OC plausibly explains several clinical features of this disease.

Cited by 84 publications

References 18 publications

An Update on the Pathogenesis of Osteochondrosis

An Update on the Pathogenesis of Osteochondrosis

Fractures in Foals

Histological confirmation and biological significance of cartilage canals demonstrated using high field MRI in swine at predilection sites of osteochondrosis

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