Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Economics of Echinococcosis in India: A Review

Grakh, Kushal; Prakash, Anand; Mittal, Dinesh; Kumar, Pankaj; Kumar, Ramesh

doi:10.5455/ijlr.20200418070900

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…To prevent and control cystic echinococcosis, methods applied to break the life cycle between the definitive and intermediate hosts include the deworming of dogs, meat inspection, not feeding infected offal to dogs and public awareness of the risks to humans [13]. Despite this, cystic echinococcosis is highly prevalent in ruminants within herd-keeping areas of the world [14], ranging from 53.9% in China [15] and 22% in Ethiopia [16] to 13.9% in Iran [17] and 12% in India [18]. The prevalence of echinococcosis in Pakistan ranges from 2.4 to 35% in different host species [1,19,20], and here the estimated economic loss caused by cystic echinococcosis is USD 1.65 per organ [21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

IEg67 kDa Bovine Hydatid Cyst Antigen: A Candidate for Developing Sero-Diagnostic Assays for Cystic Echinococcosis, a Disease of One Health Importance

Cable

Younus

Rashid

et al. 2023

Animals

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Cystic echinococcosis (hydatidosis) is a world-wide zoonotic disease of mainly humans, livestock and dogs, caused by Echinococcus granulosus. The disease can negatively impact food production and animal welfare and causes socio-economic hardship. Here, we aimed to identify the local bovine hydatid cyst fluid (BHCF) antigen for developing a sero-diagnostic assay to be used for the pre-slaughter screening of food animals. In total, 264 bovines approved for slaughter in Pakistan were subjected to serum collection and post-mortem screening for hydatid cysts. These cysts were assessed microscopically to assess fertility and viability, and by PCR for molecular confirmation of species. A BHCF antigen was identified from positive sera via SDS-PAGE, confirmed by Western blot, and quantified via a bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay. The quantified crude BHCF antigen (iEg67 kDa) was then used in ELISA screening to test all sera collected from known positive and negative animals based on hydatid cyst presence/absence. Of the 264 bovines examined, 38 (14.4%) showed hydatid cysts during post-mortem examination. All of these individuals, plus an additional 14 (total: 52; 19.6%) tested positive based on less time-consuming ELISA examination. Based on ELISA, occurrence in females (18.8%) was significantly higher than in males (9.2%) and was higher in cattle (19.5%) compared to buffalo (9.5%). The infection rate increased with age in both host species: cumulatively, 3.6% in animals aged 2–3 years, 14.6% in 4–5-year-olds and 25.6% in 6–7-year-olds. The occurrence of cysts in cattle was significantly higher in the lungs (14.1%) compared to their livers (5.5%), whereas the opposite was true in buffalo (6.6% livers, 2.9% lungs). For both host species, most cysts in the lungs were fertile (65%), while the majority in the liver were sterile (71.4%). We conclude that the identified iEg67 kDa antigen is a strong candidate for the development of a sero-diagnostic screening assay for the pre-slaughter diagnosis of hydatidosis.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

IEg67 kDa Bovine Hydatid Cyst Antigen: A Candidate for Developing Sero-Diagnostic Assays for Cystic Echinococcosis, a Disease of One Health Importance

Cable

Younus

Rashid

et al. 2023

Animals

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“…Cystic echinococcosis is an endemic zoonosis in many parts of the world, including India. The majority of the global human burden of CE is contributed by India, which is approximately 12% [4]. The lung is considered to be the second most infected part of the body in hydatid disease [5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extrapleural Intrathoracic Hydatid Cyst: A Rare Cause of Upper Limb Neuropathic Pain

Saurabh,

Chakraborty,

Ghosh

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Human echinococcosis is a common zoonotic disease. Due to favourable climatic conditions, India contributes to the majority of the burden of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in the world. The lung is the most commonly affected organ in the body, after the liver. Common symptoms of pulmonary hydatid cyst (PHC) include cough, chest pain, expectoration, and hemoptysis. This case report is a rare presentation of hydatid disease of the thoracic cavity with complaints of upper limb neuropathic pain. Radiological investigation showed an extrapleural thoracic cyst compressing the brachial plexus, and serological findings confirmed the diagnosis of a hydatid cyst. The patient was taken up for cyst excision as it is the treatment of choice along with adjuvant chemotherapy.

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Morphometrical and molecular identification of Echinococcus granulosus genotypes in wild canids in north of Iran

Darounkola,

Ebrahimzadeh,

Borji

et al. 2024

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Background/ObjectiveThe cestode Echinococcus granulosus causes cystic echinococcosis, a zoonotic parasitic infection that constitutes a significant public health risk. This parasite has been documented to have potential reservoirs and carriers among wild canids, namely wolves, foxes and jackals. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and molecular characteristics of E. granulosus sensu lato species/genotypes among wild canids in three northern, northeastern and north‐western Iran regions.MethodsFrom 2019 to 2022, 93 wild canid carcasses (69 jackals), (22 foxes) and (2 wolves) were collected that were killed in car accidents or illnesses. Analyses of morphology and morphometry were performed to verify the presence of E. granulosus. To determine E. granulosus s.l. species/genotypes, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐RFLP (ITS1) was performed utilizing the Bsh1236I (BstUI) restriction enzyme. COX1, NADH1 and ITS1 gene sequencing were also performed to confirm the PCR‐RFLP results.ResultsDuring this study, 93 wild canids were examined, and 3.2% (95% CI: 0%–7%) of the 93 were infected with Echinococcus. The north‐western region of Iran showed two out of 30 jackals (6.6%) infected with adult Echinococcus compared to one out of 35 jackals (2.8%) in the northern region. DNA from Echinococcus was detected in these individuals by PCR. Based on PCR‐RFLP analysis of the ITS1 gene and sequencing of COX1, NADH1 and ITS1 gene, E. granulosus sensu stricto genotype was confirmed in the jackals that had been infected.ConclusionEvidence shows that E. granulosus occurs in jackals in Iran, with the E. granulosus s.s. genotype being the most common. This parasite has been identified as a zoonotic parasite with a genotype that can be transmitted to livestock and humans. Establishing effective control measures to prevent the spread of echinococcosis and ensure public health is crucial.

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Epidemiology, Risk Factors and Economics of Echinococcosis in India: A Review

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

IEg67 kDa Bovine Hydatid Cyst Antigen: A Candidate for Developing Sero-Diagnostic Assays for Cystic Echinococcosis, a Disease of One Health Importance

IEg67 kDa Bovine Hydatid Cyst Antigen: A Candidate for Developing Sero-Diagnostic Assays for Cystic Echinococcosis, a Disease of One Health Importance

Extrapleural Intrathoracic Hydatid Cyst: A Rare Cause of Upper Limb Neuropathic Pain

Morphometrical and molecular identification of Echinococcus granulosus genotypes in wild canids in north of Iran

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