Epidemiology of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe and its prevention by available vaccines

Abstract

Tick-borne Encephalitis (TBE), which is caused by a Flavivirus, is the most common tick-transmitted disease in Central and Eastern Europe and Russia. Today, TBE is endemic in 27 European countries, and has become an international public health problem. The epidemiology of TBE is changing owing to various factors, such as improvements in diagnosis and case reporting, increased recreational activities in areas populated by ticks, and changes in climatic conditions affecting tick habitats. Vaccination remains the most effective protective measure against TBE for people living in risk zones, occupationally exposed subjects and travelers to endemic areas. The vaccines currently in use are FSME-Immun®, Encepur®, EnceVir® and TBE vaccine Moscow®. The numerous studies performed on the efficacy and safety of these vaccines have shown a high level of immunogenicity and an excellent safety profile. Several studies have also shown a high level of cross-protection among strains belonging to different subtypes. In the present paper we attempted to describe the continuously changing epidemiology of TBE in European States and to overview clinical development of available vaccines paying particular attention on cross-protection elicited by the vaccines.

Trends in tick population dynamics and pathogen transmission in emerging tick-borne pathogens in Europe: an introduction

“…The dynamics of TBE has been studied extensively in the last decades (Amicizia et al 2013;Jaenson et al 2012). The importance of co-feeding for the transmission cycle has been highlighted (Labuda et al 1993;, and has also been modelled (Hartemink et al 2008).…”

Analysis of Efficacy and Safety of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Vaccines

“…Заболеваемость КЭ регистрируется в 34 странах [2,3]. По данным научных публикаций, ареал рас-пространения КЭ ежегодно расширяется, случаи КЭ отмеча-ются на неэндемичных ранее территориях (районы Германии, Литвы, России и Швейцарии) [1,4,5].…”

“…Единственным эффективным методом защиты от заболева-ния является своевременная вакцинопрофилактика [3].…”

Epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis and vaccination of tick-borne encephalitis: an overview

“…Prie at si tik ti niø ðei mi nin kø pri ski ria mi þmo nës, ka dan gi jie ne da ro reikð min gos áta kos vi ru so pli ti mui (tiek vi re miniu, tiek ne vi re mi niu bû du). Þmo gus daþ niau siai EEV uþ -si kre èia nuo er kës ákan di mo, re èiau -per EEV uþ krës tà ir ne ap do ro tà in di ka to ri niø ðei mi nin kø pie nà [11]. Er kë ga li uþ si krës ti EEV ir uþ krës ti juo ki tus gy vû nus bû da ma bet ku rio je sta di jo je, ta èiau daþ niau siai uþ kra tas ágau na mas ir pla ti na mas ler vos ar nim fos sta di jo je [10].…”

“…Tam yra ga li mos ke lios pa grin di nës prie þas tys -pa ge rë ju si EE diag nos ti ka, ak tyves nis li gos at ve jø fik sa vi mas, po pu lia rë jan tis po il sis gam to je ir er këms pa lan kes nis kli ma tas. Ma no ma, kad bû -tent dël kli ma to kai tos itin pa dau gë jo re gist ruo tø EE at ve jø Skan di na vi jo je [11]. Lie tu vo je ser ga mu mas EE 2016 m. pa di dë jo iki 22,1 at ve jo 100 tûkst.…”