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Vaccination remains the only way to prevent tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). All TBE vaccines are based on strains of the Far Eastern and European subtypes of TBE virus. Currently, the Siberian subtype of the virus, which differs from the vaccine strains, accounts for 80–100% of the genetic population of TBE virus in most of Russia. The proportion of TBE vaccinated patients among those infected was different from year to year in Russia, e.g. 3.9% in 2012 and 1.5% in 2018, there were also some fatal cases registered among vaccinated patients. In this regard, evaluation of the effectiveness of vaccination against various genetic subtypes of TBE is a promising area of research. The purpose of this study was to summarise the results of studies investigating effectiveness of specific prevention of TBE as regards various genetic subtypes of the virus. The paper analyses data on the effectiveness of TBE vaccination in experimental settings and in real life. It was demonstrated that the use of vaccines for prevention of TBE is effective, provided the vaccination coverage is not less than 80%. The paper cites the data from a long-term study of the stability and protective activity of vaccine immunity against TBE virus strains isolated in highly endemic territories. It was established that TBE vaccines have high immunogenic activity and contribute to the production of stable protective antibodies against the strains of the three genetic subtypes of the virus. Protective efficacy of vaccination depends on the number of vaccinations received, the vaccination scheme, gender and age of those vaccinated. The paper concludes by saying that further studies are needed to assess TBE vaccine efficacy in order to improve vaccination tactics, to better understand causes of morbidity and mortality among vaccinated individuals.
Vaccination remains the only way to prevent tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). All TBE vaccines are based on strains of the Far Eastern and European subtypes of TBE virus. Currently, the Siberian subtype of the virus, which differs from the vaccine strains, accounts for 80–100% of the genetic population of TBE virus in most of Russia. The proportion of TBE vaccinated patients among those infected was different from year to year in Russia, e.g. 3.9% in 2012 and 1.5% in 2018, there were also some fatal cases registered among vaccinated patients. In this regard, evaluation of the effectiveness of vaccination against various genetic subtypes of TBE is a promising area of research. The purpose of this study was to summarise the results of studies investigating effectiveness of specific prevention of TBE as regards various genetic subtypes of the virus. The paper analyses data on the effectiveness of TBE vaccination in experimental settings and in real life. It was demonstrated that the use of vaccines for prevention of TBE is effective, provided the vaccination coverage is not less than 80%. The paper cites the data from a long-term study of the stability and protective activity of vaccine immunity against TBE virus strains isolated in highly endemic territories. It was established that TBE vaccines have high immunogenic activity and contribute to the production of stable protective antibodies against the strains of the three genetic subtypes of the virus. Protective efficacy of vaccination depends on the number of vaccinations received, the vaccination scheme, gender and age of those vaccinated. The paper concludes by saying that further studies are needed to assess TBE vaccine efficacy in order to improve vaccination tactics, to better understand causes of morbidity and mortality among vaccinated individuals.
1Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научный центр экспертизы средств медицинского применения» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, Петровский б-р, д. 8, стр. 2, Москва, 127051, Российская Федерация 2 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, ул. Островитянова, д. 1, Москва, 117997, Российская Федерация 3 Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере здравоохранения, Славянская пл., д. 4, стр. 1, Москва, 109074, Российская Федерация 4 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Информационный методический центр по экспертизе, учету и анализу обращения средств медицинского применения» Росздравнадзора, Славянская пл., д. 4, стр. 1, Москва, 109074, Российская Федерация Резюме. Одним из возможных подходов к решению проблемы оценки потенциальных рисков, связанных с применением лекарственных средств в педиатрической практике, является изучение информации международных баз данных нежелательных реакций на лекарственные препараты. Цель работы -анализ и систематизация данных международной базы спонтанных сообщений о нежелательных реакциях при применении препаратов у пациентов в возрасте до 18 лет. Представлена информация о нежелательных реакциях при применении лекарственных средств у детей, сведения о которых поступили в международную базу данных VigiBase Уппсальского центра мониторинга безопасности лекарственных средств ВОЗ в период 1968-2018 гг. Из 18,4 млн спонтанных сообщений, поступивших за 50 лет в VigiBase, в 1,47 млн сообщений содержится информация о нежелательных реакциях, отмеченных у пациентов в возрасте до 18 лет. Из них 34 510 сообщений содержат сведения о нежелательных реакциях у детей в возрасте до 27 дней, 415 678 -в возрасте от 28 дней до 23 месяцев, 613 676в возрасте от 2 до 11 лет и 405 202 -в возрасте от 12 до 17 лет включительно. Наиболее часто нежелательные реакции отмечались при применении вакцин, антибиотиков, нестероидных противовоспалительных средств, анальгетиков-антипиретиков, дерматологических средств и вальпроевой кислоты. Наиболее распространенными нежелательными реакциями у детей были гипертермия, сыпь, рвота, тошнота, крапивница, диарея, зуд, головная боль, эритема в месте инъекции, судороги. Приведены раздельные сведения по 6 возрастным группам о 10 наиболее частых нежелательных реакциях, возникающих у детей, и о 10 лекарственных средствах, спонтанные сообщения о побочных действиях которых наиболее часто поступали в VigiBase за 50 лет и отдельно за 2018 год. Полученные данные позволяют оценить потенциальные риски применения указанных лекарственных средств у детей. ственных средств у детей -данные международного мониторинга за 50 лет. Безопасность и риск фармакотерапии. 2019;7(2):57-64. https://doi.Abstract. The review article presents a summary of adverse drug reactions (ADR) in children, information about which was received in 1968-2018 in the International database Vi...
Relevance. Despite the successes achieved over the 85-year history of the study of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE), there are still many controversial and unresolved issues. It is obvious that in the second decade of the XXI century, this natural focal neuroinfection, as before, poses a great threat to public health not only in Russia, but also in endemic countries of the world. Aim. To present modern aspects of etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, specific prevention of TBE in Russia and endemic countries of the world. Conclusions. Currently, there are 4 genotypes of the TBE virus: Far Eastern, European, Siberian and Baikal, each of which has its own area, pathogenic potential for humans. Nosoareal of TBE covers most of the territory of Russia, 29 European countries. Cases of TBE disease or viral activity are registered in six Asian countries. For the correct verification of the diagnosis, criteria for the diagnosis of cases of the disease have been developed, which mainly concern unvaccinated persons. Since highly effective etiotropic drugs for the treatment of TBE have not yet been developed, the only strategy for reducing the incidence of TBE is mass vaccination of the population of endemic regions. Due to the increase in the rate of vaccination in Russia and European countries, in order to improve epidemiological surveillance of TBE, standards for specific laboratory diagnosis of the disease among vaccinated persons, clarification of the causes of the incidence of vaccinated, as well as deaths among them, need to be clarified. In conditions of combination of natural foci of TBE and other tick-borne infections, it is important to develop diagnostic algorithms, including differential diagnosis of this disease with other infections transmitted by Ixodic ticks.
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