Epidemiology of substance use and dependence in the state of Punjab, India: Results of a household survey on a statewide representative sample

Basu, Debasish; Subodh, BN; Gupta, Pramod Kumar; Sidhu, Balwant Singh; Gargi, Parshotam D; Sharma, Arvind; Ghosh, Abhishek; Rani, Poonam

doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2018.02.017

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Informed by our previous research[13], we chose three sites to conduct FGDs with PWID and staff at NGOs offering services to PWID primarily via the ICCs: (1) Aizawl, in Mizoram state; (2) Imphal, in Manipur state (both in the Northeast region representing sites of historical IDU epidemics); (3) Amritsar, in Punjab state (Northwest region, where the IDU epidemic has been more recent). We chose these cities as our prior research identified low median age of injection initiation, corroborated also by other studies that have described youth susceptibility to IDU in these states[19–22]. Therefore, our recruitment efforts were likely to identify PWID who met study criteria (described below).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Young and invisible: an explanatory model for service engagement by people who inject drugs in India

Ganapathi

Srikrishnan

Martinez

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Introduction: The HIV epidemic in India is concentrated in key populations such as people who inject drugs (PWID). New HIV infections are high among young PWID (<=30 years of age), who are hard to engage in services. We assessed perspectives of young PWID across three Indian cities representing historic and emerging drug use epidemics to guide development of youth-specific services. Methods: We conducted focus group discussions (FGDs) with PWID (ages 18-35 years) and staff at venues offering services to PWID in three cities (Aizawl and Imphal, Northeast India and Amritsar, Northwest India). A semi-structured interview guide was used to elicit participants narratives on injection initiation experiences, motivating factors and barriers to seeking harm-reduction services, service-delivery gaps, and recommendations to promote engagement. Thematic analysis was used to develop an explanatory model for engagement for each temporal stage across the injection continuum: (a) pre-injection initiation, (b) peri-injection initiation and (c) established injection behavior. Results: 43 PWID (81% male, 19% female) and 10 staff members participated in FGDs. Injection initiation followed non-injection opioid dependence. Lack of services for non-injection opioid dependence was a key gap in the pre-injection initiation phase. Lack of knowledge and reliance on informal sources for injecting equipment were key reasons for non-engagement in the peri-injection phase. Additionally, low risk perception resulted in low motivation to seek services. Psychosocial and structural factors shaped engagement after established injection. Housing and food insecurity, and stigma disproportionately affected female PWID while lack of confidential adolescent friendly services impeded engagement by adolescent PWID. Conclusions: Development of youth-specific services for young PWID in India will need to address unique vulnerabilities and service gaps along each stage of the injection continuum. Scaling-up of tailored services is needed for young female PWID and adolescents, including interventions that prevent injection initiation and provision of confidential harm-reduction services.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Young and invisible: an explanatory model for service engagement by people who inject drugs in India

Ganapathi

Srikrishnan

Martinez

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…Drug use was more among men; similar findings have been reported in other studies. [242829303132] Men are generally known to undertake risky lifestyle behaviour. The teenagers and young adults were at higher risk of ever using drugs than 25-35-year-old participants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The prevalence of drug use among teenage and young adults in Bhutan is lower than in the region. [22][23][24] This could be attributed to the strict laws against the trafficking of drugs in Bhutan. Secondly, most or all drugs are ferried from India, and there are police check posts that deter from importing drugs into the country.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug use among Teenagers and Young Adults in Bhutan

Wangdi

Jamtsho

2019

Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine

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Background:Use, possession, and illegal transactions of controlled substances have increased in recent years in Bhutan. This study aimed to determine the national prevalence of ever drug use and identify its associated factors amongst teenagers and young adults.Methods:This study was conducted using data from the National Health Survey 2012 of Bhutan. The outcome variable of interest was ever drug use in teenagers and young adults. The questionnaire was developed following the WHO STEPwise approach to surveillance of non-communicable diseases (STEP). Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed to identify correlates of ever drug use.Results:The prevalence of ever drug use among teenagers and young adults was 3.2% (n = 672). The factors associated with ever drug use were: being men; being single; being in age group of 18-24 years; having a primary school, high school, monastic, university, or diploma education; being technicians or salespersons; feeling always lonely; having ever consumed alcohol, and having ever smoked.Conclusion:Compared to the other countries in the WHO South-east Asia region, the prevalence of ever drug use in Bhutan is low. Use of other substances, including smoking and alcohol use, was associated with ever drug use. For greater effect, drug use prevention strategies should include prevention of smoking and alcohol use.

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“…A social research study was done in Chandigarh state [60] where Rapid Assessment Survey(RAS) administered to respondent driven sampling found that substance like opioid is highly prevalent in the U.T of Chandigarh. RAS based another survey in Punjab [61] has also administered on 6600 community dwelling substance dependent person to find the hidden insights to find that 88% are opioid dependent and also reported to have high risk behaviour with supported figures from epidemiology of substance use and dependence in the state of Punjab, India [62]. A comprehensive review of some of the major human psychological disorders (stress, depression, autism, anxiety, Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Alzheimer, Parkinson, Insomnia, schizophrenia and mood disorder) mined using different supervised and nature-inspired computing techniques performed [63] based on three-dimensional search space i.e.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumption of Licit and Illicit Substances leading to Mental Illness: A Prevalence Study

Chhetri¹,

Goyal²,

Mittal³

et al. 2020

EAI Endorsed Trans Perv Health Tech

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Background: A menace case of drug & narcotics abuse has been in prime focus of the society nowadays. Therefore, the need of technological intervention is primary concern to examine the prevalence, severity and outcome to the drug menace and its consequences. Objective: This study is to suffice clinical decisions through behaviour observatory data through preliminary screening of prevalence, correlation and severity of illness. Method: The model has been proposed to check for General Anxiety Disorder and Depression of a subject abusing any of the drug/marijuana/alcohol. In this model data set of Sikkim's youth has been considered to find relation of addiction leading to mental disorder. Result: This proposed system has been successful to associate any form of substance abuse to to some of illness to a limit of .83 accuracy scored by Support Vector Machine over the other machine learning models. The model has been deployed and being observed in few of the rehabilitation centre.

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Epidemiology of substance use and dependence in the state of Punjab, India: Results of a household survey on a statewide representative sample

Cited by 21 publications

References 10 publications

Young and invisible: an explanatory model for service engagement by people who inject drugs in India

Young and invisible: an explanatory model for service engagement by people who inject drugs in India

Drug use among Teenagers and Young Adults in Bhutan

Consumption of Licit and Illicit Substances leading to Mental Illness: A Prevalence Study

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