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An entity’s existence in an image can be depicted by the activity instantiation vector from a group of neurons (called capsule). Recently, multi-layered capsules, called CapsNet, have proven to be state-of-the-art for image classification tasks. This research utilizes the prowess of this algorithm to detect pneumonia from chest X-ray (CXR) images. Here, an entity in the CXR image can help determine if the patient (whose CXR is used) is suffering from pneumonia or not. A simple model of capsules (also known as Simple CapsNet) has provided results comparable to best Deep Learning models that had been used earlier. Subsequently, a combination of convolutions and capsules is used to obtain two models that outperform all models previously proposed. These models—Integration of convolutions with capsules (ICC) and Ensemble of convolutions with capsules (ECC)—detect pneumonia with a test accuracy of 95.33% and 95.90%, respectively. The latter model is studied in detail to obtain a variant called EnCC, where n = 3, 4, 8, 16. Here, the E4CC model works optimally and gives test accuracy of 96.36%. All these models had been trained, validated, and tested on 5857 images from Mendeley.

An edge detection is important for its reliability and security which delivers a better understanding of object recognition in the applications of computer vision, such as pedestrian detection, face detection, and video surveillance. This paper introduced two fundamental limitations encountered in edge detection: edge connectivity and edge thickness, those have been used by various developments in the state-of-theart. An optimal selection of the threshold for effectual edge detection has constantly been a key challenge in computer vision. Therefore, a robust edge detection algorithm using multiple threshold approaches (B-Edge) is proposed to cover both the limitations. The majorly used canny edge operator focuses on two thresholds selections and still witnesses a few gaps for optimal results. To handle the loopholes of the canny edge operator, our method selects the simulated triple thresholds that target to the prime issues of the edge detection: image contrast, effective edge pixels selection, errors handling, and similarity to the ground truth. The qualitative and quantitative experimental evaluations demonstrate that our edge detection method outperforms competing algorithms for mentioned issues. The proposed approach endeavors an improvement for both grayscale and colored images.INDEX TERMS Edge, edge connectivity, edge detection, edge width uniformity, threshold.SUDIPTA ROY received the Ph.D. degree in computer science and engineering from the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Calcutta. He is currently with the Radiological Chemistry and Imaging Laboratory, Washington University in Saint Louis, USA. He has more than five years of experience in teaching and research. He is an author of more than 30 publications in refereed national and international journals and conferences, including the IEEE, Springer, Elsevier, and many others. He is an author of one book and many book chapters. He holds an U.S. patent in medical image processing and filed an Indian patent in smart agricultural system. His research interests include biomedical image analysis, image processing, steganography, artificial intelligence, big data analysis, machine learning, and big data technologies.