Epidemiology of some peripheral arterial findings in diabetic men and women: Experiences from the Framingham study

Diabetic foot syndrome: Immune-inflammatory features as possible cardiovascular markers in diabetes

“…Cardiovascular mortality and morbidity rates in diabetics have been reported by several studies as 2-4 times higher than in non-diabetic subjects. Different studies also indicate that foot ulcers in diabetic patients are linked to a higher mortality [13][14][15][16][17] . Furthermore diabetic foot represents an independent risk factor of morbidity in diabetic patients with a twice mortality rate due to cardiovascular disease in diabetic subjects with foot ulceration compared to those without foot ulceration [16,17] .…”

“…Ankle-brachial index (ABI), that originates by comparation of the systolic blood pressure at posterior tibial or dorsalis pedal level with brachial blood pressure, it's widely used to diagnose and evaluate severity of PAD. In patients with an ABI < 0.90, the relative risk has been reported to be 1.25 (95%CI: 1.05, 1.47) for developing an ulcer vs diabetic patients with a normal ABI [14] . Lower limb ischaemia due to proximal arterial occlusive atherosclerosis is an important cause able to predispose to ulceration in more than 30% of cases [15] .…”

Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference

“…9 Thus, diabetes may eliminate the protection against atherosclerosis that is a benefit of being female. 10 Diabetes adversely modifies the clinical course of PAD and is the most common cause of amputation in the United States, accounting for 45% to 70% of all nontraumatic amputations. 11 The effects of dyslipidemia and hypertension are less impressive than diabetes and cigarette smoking.…”

Lipoprotein(a) levels in relation to diabetic complications in patients with non‐insuIin‐dependent diabetes

“…The role of diabetes as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease is well established [2,3]. In NIDDM patients, a 2-to 3-fold increase in morbidity and mortality attributed to coronary artery disease (CAD) and an increased prevalence of peripheral vascular disease have been demonstrated [4,5,6]. Twenty to 50% of patients suffer from hypertension [7,8], while lipid abnormalities (raised LDLcholesterol and VLDL-triglycerides, decreased HDLcholesterol) occur in at least 30% of patients [9].…”