Epidemiology of Mango Malformation in Guerrero, México, with Traditional and Integrated Management

Abstract

The temporal progress of malformation (MM) of mango (Mangifera indica) was studied from 1993 to 1995 with three management technologies applied to commercial plantations in North Guerrero, Mexico. Management influenced shoot production and thus determined the dynamics of epidemics. Environmental factors also affected disease incidence, particularly through an apparent effect on inoculum dispersal. In general, integrated management (IM), consisting of pruning, acaricide, and fungicide sprays, resulted in slower rates of epidemic development, lower levels of initial and final disease, and lesser areas under the disease progress curves. In the first cycle, IM increased yield per tree by 51% in relation to high technology (HT) and 74% in relation to lower traditional technology (LT), representing a benefit-cost rate of 2.8 and 3.3, respectively. Change of malformation incidence was correlated positively with the number of macroconidia of Fusarium sp. trapped in the canopy (r = 0.90, P = 0.0001) and wind speed (r = 0.83, P = 0.0001); both variables lagged over a 4-month period. The greatest change in malformation occurred during the main vegetative flush, which occurred 3 to 6 months after picking the fruit (May). The accumulated proportion of diseased shoots was correlated with the following variables measured over a 1-week period: average maximum daily temperature (r = -0.68, P = 0. 01), average temperature per hour (r = -0.59, P = 0.04), average number of hours with relative humidity ≥60% (r = -0.82, P = 0.001), and wind speed (r = 0.94, P = 0.0001). In general, the greatest spore density was found during the rainy season, with a morning periodicity showing the highest correlation with wind speed (r = 0.812, P = 0.0001). F. subglutinans was isolated consistently from diseased (86%) and asymptomatic (5%) vegetative and flowering shoots.

Efecto de factores climatológicos sobre la fluctuación de esporas en árboles de mango cv. Ataulfo en Guerrero, México

“…The region with the highest production and surface planted in the state of Guerrero is the Coast (SAGARPA, 2016); 33 % of its surface is covered with the variety Manila, followed by Ataulfo and Haden, and 30 and 16 %, respectively. The presence of mango diseases caused by pathogenic fungi and their impact on the production and quality of fruits has been widely studied by several authors (Ploetz, 2003;Acosta-Ramos et al, 2003;Guillén-Sánchez et al, 2007;Huerta-Palacios et al, 2009;Noriega-Cantú et al, 1999).…”

“…La presencia de enfermedades del mango, causadas por hongos fitopatógenos y su impacto en la producción y calidad de los frutos ha sido ampliamente estudiada por varios autores (Ploetz, 2003;Acosta-Ramos et al, 2003;Guillén-Sánchez et al, 2007;Huerta-Palacios et al, 2009;Noriega-Cantú et al, 1999).…”

New Insights into Mango Malformation Disease Epidemiology Lead to a New Integrated Management Strategy for Subtropical Environments

“…Floral malformation is most important economically since af fected inflorescences usually do not set fruit (30,53,58,59,75). Primary or secondary axes on affected panicles are shortened, thickened, and highly branched.…”

Defence-related biochemical changes by elicitor of malformation pathogen,Fusarium mangiferae, in mango

“…In recent years, a few integrated management strategies for malformation of mango have been suggested (Kumar and Chakrabarti 1998;Noriega-Cantu et al 1999;Lopez-Estrada et al 2005). Each of the IPM strategy has several management components.…”