Epidemiology of Chronic Wasting Disease in Captive Rocky Mountain Elk

Miller, Michael W.; Wild, Margaret A.; Williams, Elizabeth

doi:10.7589/0090-3558-34.3.532

Cited by 122 publications

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“…Epidemics of chronic wasting disease (CWD), a prion disease of North American cervids, were originally described in captive mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) (Williams and Young, 1980, 1982, 1992Miller et al, 1998). The first epidemics were recognized in wildlife research facilities in north-central Colorado and southeastern Wyoming.…”

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“…After attempting to eradicate CWD from the FWRF in 1985 by killing all captive mule deer and elk and cleaning the facility (Williams and Young, 1992;Miller et al, 1998), a new mule deer research herd was started in 1990 with nine animals (Miller and Williams, 2003). This founder herd was augmented by natural births and ''orphan'' fawns.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…This represented the beginning of another CWD epidemic in captive mule deer (Fig. 1 (Creekmore et al, 1999;Miller et al, 2000;Miller and Williams, 2003;M. W. Miller, unpubl.).…”

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Epidemiology of Chronic Wasting Disease in Captive White-Tailed and Mule Deer

Miller

Wild

2004

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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The natural occurrence of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in a 1993 cohort of captive white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) afforded the opportunity to describe epidemic dynamics in this species and to compare dynamics with those seen in contemporary cohorts of captive mule deer (O. hemionus) also infected with CWD. The overall incidence of clinical CWD in white-tailed deer was 82% (nine of 11) among individuals that survived Ͼ15 mo. Affected white-tailed deer died or were killed because of terminal CWD at age 49-76 mo (xϭ59.6 mo, SEϭ3.9 mo). Epidemic dynamics of CWD in captive white-tailed deer were similar to dynamics in mule deer cohorts. Incidence of clinical CWD was 57% (4/7) among hand-raised (HR) and 67% (4/6) among dam-raised (DR) mule deer; affected HR mule deer succumbed at 64Ϫ86 mo of age (xϭ72 mo; SEϭ5 mo), and affected DR mule deer died at age 31-58 mo (xϭ41.3 mo; SEϭ6.1 mo). Sustained horizontal transmission of CWD most plausibly explained epidemic dynamics, but the original source of exposures could not be determined. Apparent differences in mean age at CWD-caused death among these cohorts may be attributable to differences in the timing or intensity of exposure to CWD, and these factors appear to be more likely to influence epidemic dynamics than species differences. It follows that CWD epidemic dynamics in sympatric, free-ranging white-tailed and mule deer sharing habitats in western North American ranges also may be similar.

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Epidemiology of Chronic Wasting Disease in Captive White-Tailed and Mule Deer

Miller

Wild

2004

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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“…As evidenced by the emergence of the disease in recent years, CWD is considered the most contagious member of the prion family (Gilch et al 2011). Although transmission mechanisms are still not completely understood, infection primarily occurs by horizontal transmission through direct contact (Miller et al 1998(Miller et al , 2000Miller and Williams 2003) and indirect exposure to prions in the environment (Miller and Williams 2003;Mathiason et al 2006;Angers et al 2009;Haley et al 2009;Tamgüney et al 2009). Vertical transmission from mother to fetus also may occur in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus- Nalls et al 2013), but this transmission route is thought to be rare (Miller and Williams 2003).…”

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“…Longdistance and frequent movements are of obvious concern to disease management, but resident deer exhibiting minimal movement within a home range have the potential to severely contaminate their environment through prion shedding (Williams and Miller 2002;Sigurdson and Miller 2003;Mathiason et al 2006;Angers et al 2009;Tamgüney et al 2009;Haley et al 2011). In areas where infected deer have shed prions into the environment, other deer will be at risk of CWD infection from environmental contamination (Miller et al 1998). Given the fact that prions persist in the environment for years after initial contamination, infection risk also persists over time .…”

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