Epidemiology of Candida species infections in critically ill non-immunosuppressed patients

Eggimann, Philippe; Garbino, Jorge; Pittet, Didier

doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(03)00801-6

Cited by 781 publications

(685 citation statements)

References 164 publications

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“…Superficial candidiasis encompasses a range of infections, including thrush, chronic atrophic stomatitis, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, and vulvovaginitis, and involve colonization of the skin and mucosal surfaces. 12 These infections tend to be quite specific and self-limited in non-immunocompromised hosts, with the remedy involving local treatment and basic hygiene measures. 12 Tlymphocyte-mediated immunity is the major player in the control of superficial infections.…”

Section: Types Of Candidiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…12 These infections tend to be quite specific and self-limited in non-immunocompromised hosts, with the remedy involving local treatment and basic hygiene measures. 12 Tlymphocyte-mediated immunity is the major player in the control of superficial infections. Among the forms of superficial candidiasis, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) is the syndrome with the strongest evidence for the involvement of host genetic factors in disease manifestation and outcome.…”

Section: Types Of Candidiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21 These infections occur most frequently in immunocompromised hosts, although invasive candidiasis in critically ill, nonimmunosuppressed patients is becoming a growing concern. 12 Chronic disseminated candidiasis (CDC) or hepatosplenic candidiasis occurs in patients undergoing intensive therapy for acute leukemia, where various aspects of their treatment put them at increased risk for infection. 22 Patients develop signs of invasive candidiasis in multiple organs over a period of several weeks to months.…”

Section: Types Of Candidiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…21 Systemic candidiasis is a life-threatening infection, with the overall prognosis comparable to septic shock with multiple organ failure. 12 Although it is well established that systemic infection is associated with insufficiencies in host defenses, 3 to date, no specific genes have been shown to cause a predisposition to infection. However, there is some anecdotal evidence that patients with congenital defects affecting phagocyte function, such as myeloperoxidase (MPO) deficiency, have a higher occurrence of systemic candidiasis than healthy individuals.…”

Section: Types Of Candidiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1 Although invasive candidiasis occurs in 1-8 percent of patients admitted to hospitals, its occurrence is higher in intensive care units, with infection rates of approximately 10 percent. 12 In intensive care units, candidiasis is accountable for up to 15 percent of all nosocomial infections. 12 The mortality attributed with candidemia has been reported to range from 25 to 60 percent.…”

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic analysis of innate immunity in resistance to Candida albicans

2004

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Systemic candidiasis is a significant cause of nosocomial infections and the mechanisms of defense against Candida albicans in humans remain poorly understood. Studies in animal models have demonstrated the importance of innate immunity in controlling the response to infection. Although Th1 cytokines have been shown to direct the overall outcome of infection, the precise role of the Th1/Th2 response and, more generally, the adaptive immune response as a whole, in systemic candidiasis, appears to apply mainly to the development of resistance to reinfection. A genetic approach to the identification of host factors regulating pathogenesis and susceptibility to C. albicans infection has been used in humans and in mouse models of infection. Mouse mutants bearing experimentally induced mutations in specific genes have provided a systematic tool for directly assessing the role of individual proteins in C. albicans susceptibility. Inbred mouse strains have been valuable in showcasing the spectrum of naturally occurring variations in initial susceptibility to infection, and type of disease developed. Crosses between resistant and susceptible strains have led to the detection of additional gene effects affecting innate immunity. Of particular interest is the major effect of a naturally occurring loss-of-function mutation in the C5 complement component that has become fixed in many inbred strains. These and other studies have shown that both a functional complement pathway and robust inflammatory response are critical for resistance to C. albicans.

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Section: Types Of Candidiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Types Of Candidiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Types Of Candidiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Types Of Candidiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic analysis of innate immunity in resistance to Candida albicans

2004

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Guanylated Hyperbranched Polylysines with High In Vitro and In Vivo Antifungal Activity

Liu

Yang

Han

et al. 2022

Adv Healthcare Materials

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With the rapid growth of fungal infections and the emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) fungal strains, new antifungals with novel mechanisms are a pressing need to tackle this emerging health problem. Herein it is reported for the first time that hyperbranched polylysine (HPL) shows antifungal activities against Candida, especially for drug-sensitive and MDR C. albicans strains, and broad-spectrum antibacterial activities against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The high antimicrobial activities are ascribed to the high charge density and compact size of the globular structure of HPL. The in vitro antifungal activities of HPL3 are further enhanced by the modification of amine groups to form guanylated polylysines (HPL3-Gxs). Similar to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), HPLs and HPL3-Gxs interact with and lyse the membranes of microbes, which mitigates the emergence of drug resistance. HPLs and HPL3-Gxs demonstrate excellent in vivo antimicrobial efficacies against both lethal C. albicans challenge in the invasive candidiasis model and lethal Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus challenge in the peritonitis model, and have potentials as broad-spectrum antimicrobials.

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A Membrane‐Targeted Photosensitizer Prevents Drug Resistance and Induces Immune Response in Treating Candidiasis

Wu,

Xu,

et al. 2023

Advanced Science

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Candida albicans (C. albicans), a ubiquitous polymorphic fungus in humans, causes different types of candidiasis, including oral candidiasis (OC) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), which are physically and mentally concerning and financially costly. Thus, developing alternative antifungals that prevent drug resistance and induce immunity to eliminate Candida biofilms is crucial. Herein, a novel membrane‐targeted aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) photosensitizer (PS), TBTCP‐QY, is developed for highly efficient photodynamic therapy (PDT) of candidiasis. TBTCP‐QY has a high molar absorption coefficient and an excellent ability to generate 1O2 and •OH, entering the interior of biofilms due to its high permeability. Furthermore, TBTCP‐QY can efficiently inhibit biofilm formation by suppressing the expression of genes related to the adhesion (ALS3, EAP1, and HWP1), invasion (SAP1 and SAP2), and drug resistance (MDR1) of C. albicans, which is also advantageous for eliminating potential fungal resistance to treat clinical infectious diseases. TBTCP‐QY‐mediated PDT efficiently targets OC and VVC in vivo in a mouse model, induces immune response, relieves inflammation, and accelerates the healing of mucosal defects to combat infections caused by clinically isolated fluconazole‐resistant strains. Moreover, TBTCP‐QY demonstrates excellent biocompatibility, suggesting its potential applications in the clinical treatment of OC and VVC.

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Epidemiology of Candida species infections in critically ill non-immunosuppressed patients

Cited by 781 publications

References 164 publications

Genetic analysis of innate immunity in resistance to Candida albicans

Genetic analysis of innate immunity in resistance to Candida albicans

Guanylated Hyperbranched Polylysines with High In Vitro and In Vivo Antifungal Activity

A Membrane‐Targeted Photosensitizer Prevents Drug Resistance and Induces Immune Response in Treating Candidiasis

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