Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer

Abstract

Based on the latest GLOBOCAN data, bladder cancer accounts for 3% of global cancer diagnoses and is especially prevalent in the developed world. In the United States, bladder cancer is the sixth most incident neoplasm. A total of 90% of bladder cancer diagnoses are made in those 55 years of age and older, and the disease is four times more common in men than women. While the average 5-year survival in the US is 77%, the 5-year survival for those with metastatic disease is a measly 5%. The strongest risk factor for bladder cancer is tobacco smoking, which accounts for 50–65% of all cases. Occupational or environmental toxins likewise greatly contribute to disease burden (accounting for an estimated 20% of all cases), though the precise proportion can be obscured by the fact bladder cancer develops decades after exposure, even if the exposure only lasted several years. Schistosomiasis infection is the common cause of bladder cancer in regions of Africa and the Middle East and is considered the second most onerous tropical pathogen after malaria. With 81% of cases attributable to known risk factors (and only 7% to heritable mutations), bladder cancer is a prime candidate for prevention strategies. Smoking cessation, workplace safety practices, weight loss, exercise and schistosomiasis prevention (via water disinfection and mass drug administration) have all been shown to significantly decrease the risk of bladder cancer, which poses a growing burden around the world.

Marital Status and Prognostic Nomogram for Bladder Cancer With Distant Metastasis: A SEER-Based Study

“…Bladder cancer (BC) is the 10th most common cause of cancer and the 13th leading cause of cancer death in the world, with an estimated 549,000 new cases and 200,000 deaths in 2018 (1,2). BC is approximately four times more common in men than in women and is a disease of the elderly, with 80% of BC patients are over 65 years in the US (3).…”

Practicability of clinical application of bladder cancer molecular classification and additional value of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition: prognostic value of vimentin expression

“…Bladder cancer (BlCa) is one of the most incident cancers worldwide. It ranks ninth in prevalence, with a number of estimated new cases and cancer-related deaths of 549,393 and 199,922, respectively [1][2][3]. These figures are estimated to almost double by 2040 [1], representing an important toll on health services [4].…”

Antitumor, Anti-inflammatory and Antiallergic Effects of Agaricus blazei Mushroom Extract and the Related Medicinal Basidiomycetes Mushrooms, Hericium erinaceus and Grifola frondosa: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies

“…Chronic inflammatory conditions per se or infections giving rise to a chronic inflammatory response tend to predispose cancer development. Examples are: hepatitis B and C infection and hepatocellular carcinoma [17], pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer [18], atrophic gastritis and gastric cancer [19], Helicobacter pylori infection and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, which usually regress after antibiotic treatment [20], bladder infection with Schistosomia hematobium and bladder cancer [21], prostatitis and prostatic cancer [22], and inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer [23,24]. Hence, there is a linkage between inflammation and tumorigenesis.…”