Epidemiology of avian influenza in agricultural and other man‐made systems

Sims, L. D.; Weaver, James H.; Swayne, David E.

doi:10.1002/9781118924341.ch12

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 173 publications

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“…On the one hand, farms vary from large industrialized integrated production systems to small extensive, rural, family based systems supporting livelihoods and supplying local or niche markets ( FAO, 2019 ). On the other hand, chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese are the primary source of eggs, meat, and/or feathers, but other species such as guinea fowl, quail, pheasants, partridges, and ostriches also contribute, albeit in a smaller scale, to agricultural production and livelihoods in both developed and developing countries ( Sims et al., 2016 ). To complicate things further, some species or even breeds are more abundant in certain continents, countries, or production systems ( Sims et al., 2016 ; FAO, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese are the primary source of eggs, meat, and/or feathers, but other species such as guinea fowl, quail, pheasants, partridges, and ostriches also contribute, albeit in a smaller scale, to agricultural production and livelihoods in both developed and developing countries ( Sims et al., 2016 ). To complicate things further, some species or even breeds are more abundant in certain continents, countries, or production systems ( Sims et al., 2016 ; FAO, 2019 ). This intricate scenario hampers effective detection and control strategies designed to fight against infectious diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The use of H-index to assess research priorities in poultry diseases

2020

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Identifying which diseases represent a priority is crucial to optimize resources for diagnostics, control, and prevention. Here, the impact of 111 poultry pathogens belonging to Viruses (n = 31), Bacteria (n = 33), and Other (n = 47) was assessed using the H-index. The overall mean H-indexes suggested that poultry Viruses have statistically greater impact than Bacteria, which in turn are statistically more relevant than Others. Among the 20 highest H-indexes, 45% were zoonotic, and almost a third was Office International des Epizooties-listed. Avian influenza virus (H-index 127), Salmonella enteritidis and Salmonella typhimurium (H-index 72), and Eimeria spp (H-index 70) ranked the highest in Virus, Bacteria, and Other, respectively. Pathogens that produce overt clinical diseases and economic damage, cause immunosuppression, and/or are zoonotic had the highest H-index scores. The evolution of citations of particular pathogens reflected severe poultry outbreaks and/or zoonotic outbreaks in relatively wide geographic areas. Also, the evolution of citations based on taxonomic groups mirrored major changes in poultry production practices and management throughout history. Thus, Others were the most cited pathogens until the 1970s and, following 3 decades of unpopularity because of widespread use of intensive production practices, regained importance in the 2000s thanks to welfare regulation changes. Citations for Bacteria increased especially from the 1990s onward, probably because of the ban of growth promoters in western countries and the need to find new control methods for bacterial and protozoal infections. In general, countries with the greatest poultry production and research budgets had higher research production, that is the United States of America ( USA ) and China. Interestingly, the United Kingdom was among the top research producers despite falling behind other countries in poultry production and research budget. Moreover, the USA exhibited the strongest poultry research production based on number and diversity of publications (Dcos-index). In conclusion, the H-index could be a valid, simple tool to prioritize funding or interest in poultry diseases, especially when used as a preliminary selection approach in combination with other metrics.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of H-index to assess research priorities in poultry diseases

2020

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“…The acquisition of multiple basic amino acids at the cleavage site of the hemagglutinin (HA) via recombination, insertion, or mutations is a molecular determinant for high pathogenicity. Consequences of AI virus infection in poultry include negative economic impact on agriculture and a potential source for pandemic viruses in humans [ 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathobiology of Tennessee 2017 H7N9 low and high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in commercial broiler breeders and specific pathogen free layer chickens

Bertran

Lee

Criado

et al. 2018

Vet Res

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In March 2017, H7N9 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus was detected in 2 broiler breeder farms in the state of Tennessee, USA. Subsequent surveillance detected the low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus precursor in multiple broiler breeder farms and backyard poultry in Tennessee and neighboring states. The pathogenesis of the H7N9 LPAI virus was investigated in commercial broiler breeders, the bird type mostly affected in this outbreak. Infectivity, transmissibility, and pathogenesis of the H7N9 HPAI and LPAI viruses were also studied in 4-week-old specific pathogen free (SPF) leghorn chickens. The mean bird infectious doses (BID50) for the LPAI isolate was 5.6 log10 mean egg infectious dose (EID50) for broiler breeders and 4.3 log10 EID50 for SPF layer chickens, and no transmission to contact-exposed birds was observed. In both bird types, virus shedding was almost exclusively from the oropharyngeal route. These findings suggest sub-optimal adaptation for sustained transmission with the H7N9 LPAI isolate, indicating that factors other than the birds genetic background may explain the epidemiology of the outbreak. The BID50 for the HPAI isolate in SPF layer chickens was more than 2 logs lower (<2 log10 EID50) than the LPAI isolate. Also, the HPAI virus was shed by both the oropharyngeal and cloacal routes and transmitted to contacts. Greater susceptibility and easier transmission of the H7N9 HPAI virus are features of the HP phenotype that could favor the spread of HPAI over LPAI viruses during outbreaks.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13567-018-0576-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…A close surveillance system is needed to be introduced to monitor the occurrence and characteristics of avian influenza viruses in wild migratory birds. However, the presence of water around backyard poultry is considered the lowest possibility as a model for the introduction of avian influenza viruses from village poultry to commercial poultry [20].…”

Section: Influence Of Avian Influenza Virus On Backyard Poultry Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Avian Influenza H9N2 Subtype Virus Infection on Backyard Poultry Production

2021

Sci. Lett.

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Avian influenza is a viral pandemic disease of humans and birds, including commercial and house poultry. Avian influenza is a major concern around the world, which causes serious economic losses in the poultry industry, mainly in home backyard poultry. The backyard poultry is the potential source of income for rural people and indirectly contributes to decreasing the poverty of household women. Besides, in many developing countries, villagers full fill a part of their food demand by the backyard poultry; however, this sector is directly affected by biosecurity risks, including high and low pathogenic avian influenza infections like avian influenza H9N2 subtype. Avian influenza H9N2 subtype has low pathogenic zoonotic importance but still causes serious threats to the poultry industry. The backyard poultry industry is directly affected by this infection due to direct contact with wild migratory birds locating in different regions of the world. Antigenic drift and shift are one of the major conflicts of this infection resulting from a few days to a few months up to many years and also the main reason for the uncontrollable mutation in this infection. All over the world, there is no serious action taken to prevent the H9N2 subtype infection in backyard poultry. This situation has become severe because of the widespread of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in the past few years.

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Epidemiology of avian influenza in agricultural and other man‐made systems

Cited by 8 publications

References 173 publications

The use of H-index to assess research priorities in poultry diseases

The use of H-index to assess research priorities in poultry diseases

Pathobiology of Tennessee 2017 H7N9 low and high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in commercial broiler breeders and specific pathogen free layer chickens

Effect of Avian Influenza H9N2 Subtype Virus Infection on Backyard Poultry Production

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