Effect of Avian Influenza H9N2 Subtype Virus Infection on Backyard Poultry Production

Abstract

Avian influenza is a viral pandemic disease of humans and birds, including commercial and house poultry. Avian influenza is a major concern around the world, which causes serious economic losses in the poultry industry, mainly in home backyard poultry. The backyard poultry is the potential source of income for rural people and indirectly contributes to decreasing the poverty of household women. Besides, in many developing countries, villagers full fill a part of their food demand by the backyard poultry; however, this sector is directly affected by biosecurity risks, including high and low pathogenic avian influenza infections like avian influenza H9N2 subtype. Avian influenza H9N2 subtype has low pathogenic zoonotic importance but still causes serious threats to the poultry industry. The backyard poultry industry is directly affected by this infection due to direct contact with wild migratory birds locating in different regions of the world. Antigenic drift and shift are one of the major conflicts of this infection resulting from a few days to a few months up to many years and also the main reason for the uncontrollable mutation in this infection. All over the world, there is no serious action taken to prevent the H9N2 subtype infection in backyard poultry. This situation has become severe because of the widespread of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in the past few years.

Animal Influenza: An Eco-Health Outlook

“…This average is known as mean death time (MDT) which depends on route, dose and subtype of virus (Swayne and Pantin 2006). Avian influenza virus has an incubation period of 48 hours up to 4 days (Khan et al 2021). Early signs observed were tremors, nervous signs, lethargy and anorexia.…”

“…Samples in the form of swabs or tissue collected for testing. Reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is considered a strong and preferred diagnostic test for influenza viruses (Khan et al 2021). Other detection tests include rapid influenza diagnostic tests, ELISA, hemagglutination inhibition test for antibodies detection, Immunofluorescence method for antigen detection, fluorescent antibody staining assays, and viral culture method (Patapiou et al 2022).…”