Epidemiology of American trypanosomiasis in northern Peru

Vargas, Francisco; Soldan, O. Cordova Paz; Marı́n, Clotilde; Rosales, María J.; Sánchez-Gutierrez, R.; Sánchez-Moreno, M.

doi:10.1179/136485907x229031

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…In addition, the high infection rates observed with T. rangeli are also consistent with previous reports [24,25] and could constitute confounding factors in epidemiological studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…If so, spraying homes with insecticide could have been an effective control strategy. Moreover, previous reports from Peru suggested that R. ecuadoriensis had no sylvatic ecotypes, its presence being more related to passive transportation with humans [24,25]. In Ecuador, a pilot project including spraying efforts in 25 communities in the Loja province showed a reduction in triatomine infestation in domicile and peridomicile habitats (Grijalva et al unpublished data).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the studied communities, the sylvatic distribution and abundance of this species seems to follow closely household infestation. Earlier reports indicated that R. ecuadoriensis was restricted to domestic and peridomestic habitats in Loja Province and northern Peru [11,24,25]. If so, spraying homes with insecticide could have been an effective control strategy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ecological factors related to the widespread distribution of sylvatic Rhodnius ecuadoriensis populations in southern Ecuador

et al. 2012

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BackgroundChagas disease transmission risk is a function of the presence of triatomines in domestic habitats. Rhodnius ecuadoriensis is one of the main vectors implicated in transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in Ecuador. This triatomine species is present in domestic, peridomestic and sylvatic habitats in the country. To determine the distribution of sylvatic populations of R. ecuadoriensis and the factors related to this distribution, triatomine searches were conducted between 2005 and 2009 in southern Ecuador.MethodsManual triatomine searches were conducted by skilled bug collectors in 23 communities. Sylvatic searched sites were selected by a) directed sampling, where microhabitats were selected by the searchers and b) random sampling, where sampling points where randomly generated. Domiciliary triatomine searches were conducted using the one man-hour method. Natural trypanosome infection was determined by microscopic examination and PCR. Generalized linear models were used to test the effect of environmental factors on the presence of sylvatic triatomines.ResultsIn total, 1,923 sylvatic individuals were collected representing a sampling effort of 751 man-hours. Collected sylvatic triatomines were associated with mammal and bird nests. The 1,219 sampled nests presented an infestation index of 11.9%, a crowding of 13 bugs per infested nest, and a colonization of 80% of the nests. Triatomine abundance was significantly higher in squirrel (Sciurus stramineus) nests located above five meters from ground level and close to the houses. In addition, 8.5% of the 820 examined houses in the same localities were infested with triatomines. There was a significant correlation between R. ecuadoriensis infestation rates found in sylvatic and synanthropic environments within communities (p = 0.012). Parasitological analysis revealed that 64.7% and 15.7% of the sylvatic bugs examined (n = 300) were infected with Trypanosoma cruzi and T. rangeli respectively, and 8% of the bugs presented mixed infections.ConclusionsThe wide distribution of sylvatic R. ecuadoriensis populations may jeopardize the effectiveness of control campaigns conducted to eliminate domestic populations of this species. Also, the high T. cruzi infection rates found in sylvatic R. ecuadoriensis populations in southern Ecuador could constitute a risk for house re-infestation and persistent long-term Chagas disease transmission in the region.

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“…In addition, the high infection rates observed with T. rangeli are also consistent with previous reports [24,25] and could constitute confounding factors in epidemiological studies.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ecological factors related to the widespread distribution of sylvatic Rhodnius ecuadoriensis populations in southern Ecuador

et al. 2012

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“…In addition, this species is found in domestic and peridomestic habitats in this region. Conversely, in the southern highlands of Ecuador and northern Peru, R. ecuadoriensis had previously only been found in domestic and peridomestic habitats (Lent and Wygodzinsky 1979, SchoÞeld 1994, Aguilar et al 1999, Abad-Franch et al 2001, Cuba Cuba et al 2002, Grijalva et al 2005, Vargas et al 2007.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the southern highlands, particularly in Loja province, R. ecuadoriensis has been found to colonize domestic and peridomestic environments (Grijalva et al 2005) and can establish large colonies associated with poultry, guinea pigs, and other domestic animals (AbadFranch et al 2002, Grijalva et al 2005. The strong synanthropic behavior of R. ecuadoriensis and the absence of palm trees in southern Ecuador and northern Peru suggest that this species may have spread to the region through association with humans (Herrer et al 1972, Abad-Franch et al 2001, Vargas et al 2007). Here we report the presence of sylvatic populations of R. ecuadoriensis in the southern highlands of Ecuador and discuss the implications of this Þnding for the long-term control of ChD in this region.…”

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confidence: 99%

Presence ofRhodnius ecuadoriensisin Sylvatic Habitats in the Southern Highlands (Loja Province) of Ecuador

Grijalva

Villacís

2009

J Med Entomol

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The main vectors of Chagas disease in Ecuador are Triatoma dimidiata and Rhodnius ecuadoriensis. The latter species occupies domestic and peridomestic habitats, as well as sylvatic ecotopes--particularly associated with Phytelephas aequatorialis palm trees--in the western coastal region of Ecuador. In the southern highlands, however, such palm tree habitats are uncommon, and sylvatic populations of R. ecuadoriensis have not previously been reported to date. This study was carried out in five rural communities in Loja Province in southern Ecuador, where manual triatomine searches were conducted in various sylvatic habitats. A total of 81 squirrel nests (Sciurus stramineus) and > 200 bird nests and other habitats were searched. One hundred three R. ecuadoriensis individuals were found in 11 squirrel nests (infestation index = 13.6%, density = 2 bugs per nest searched, crowding = 9.5 bugs per infested nest, colonization index = 72.7% of infested nests with nymphs). No triatomines were found in bird nests or other sylvatic habitats. The presence of sylvatic R. ecuadoriensis in the southern highlands of Ecuador has important implications for the long-term control of Chagas disease in the region because of the possibility of reinfestation of dwellings after insecticide-based control interventions.

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Geographic Distribution of Triatominae Vectors in America

Gorla¹,

Noireau²

2010

American Trypanosomiasis

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Epidemiology of American trypanosomiasis in northern Peru

Cited by 9 publications

References 9 publications

Ecological factors related to the widespread distribution of sylvatic Rhodnius ecuadoriensis populations in southern Ecuador

Ecological factors related to the widespread distribution of sylvatic Rhodnius ecuadoriensis populations in southern Ecuador

Presence ofRhodnius ecuadoriensisin Sylvatic Habitats in the Southern Highlands (Loja Province) of Ecuador

Geographic Distribution of Triatominae Vectors in America

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