Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias: rising global burden and forecasted trends

Javaid, Syed Fahad; Giebel, Clarissa; Khan, Moien Ab; Hashim, M. Jawad

doi:10.12688/f1000research.50786.1

Cited by 43 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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Section: Specific Neurological Disturbances Related To Neuroinflammat...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent estimates suggest that 0.7% of the world’s population has dementia, translating to about 51.6 to 55 million people worldwide ( 53 , 54 ). Although nearly 60% of dementia patients live in LMICs, Africa has the least burden of dementia compared to other continents possibly due to its relatively younger population ( 53 , 54 ). Studies conducted in different populations and geographical regions consistently support that advanced age is a major risk factor for developing dementia ( 55 , 56 ); indeed, the prevalence of dementia is 2% in those aged 65-69 years, much lower than the 20% in those aged 85-89 ( 55 ).…”

Section: Specific Neurological Disturbances Related To Neuroinflammat...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Interplay Between Neuroinfections, the Immune System and Neurological Disorders: A Focus on Africa

et al. 2022

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Neurological disorders related to neuroinfections are highly prevalent in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), constituting a major cause of disability and economic burden for patients and society. These include epilepsy, dementia, motor neuron diseases, headache disorders, sleep disorders, and peripheral neuropathy. The highest prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is in SSA. Consequently, there is a high prevalence of neurological disorders associated with HIV infection such as HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, motor disorders, chronic headaches, and peripheral neuropathy in the region. The pathogenesis of these neurological disorders involves the direct role of the virus, some antiretroviral treatments, and the dysregulated immune system. Furthermore, the high prevalence of epilepsy in SSA (mainly due to perinatal causes) is exacerbated by infections such as toxoplasmosis, neurocysticercosis, onchocerciasis, malaria, bacterial meningitis, tuberculosis, and the immune reactions they elicit. Sleep disorders are another common problem in the region and have been associated with infectious diseases such as human African trypanosomiasis and HIV and involve the activation of the immune system. While most headache disorders are due to benign primary headaches, some secondary headaches are caused by infections (meningitis, encephalitis, brain abscess). HIV and neurosyphilis, both common in SSA, can trigger long-standing immune activation in the central nervous system (CNS) potentially resulting in dementia. Despite the progress achieved in preventing diseases from the poliovirus and retroviruses, these microbes may cause motor neuron diseases in SSA. The immune mechanisms involved in these neurological disorders include increased cytokine levels, immune cells infiltration into the CNS, and autoantibodies. This review focuses on the major neurological disorders relevant to Africa and neuroinfections highly prevalent in SSA, describes the interplay between neuroinfections, immune system, neuroinflammation, and neurological disorders, and how understanding this can be exploited for the development of novel diagnostics and therapeutics for improved patient care.

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Section: Specific Neurological Disturbances Related To Neuroinflammat...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Specific Neurological Disturbances Related To Neuroinflammat...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Interplay Between Neuroinfections, the Immune System and Neurological Disorders: A Focus on Africa

et al. 2022

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“…Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative pathology and the leading cause of dementia among the elderly 1 An estimated 0.7% of the global population has dementia, translating into 51.6 million people worldwide 2 . Accordingly, it is predicted that the number of AD patients (≥65 years) might increase greatly from 6.2 million to 12.7 million in America by 2050 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microglial activation in Alzheimer's disease: The role of flavonoids and microRNAs

Medrano-Jiménez

Meza-Sosa

Urbán-Aragón

et al. 2022

Journal of Leukocyte Biology

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of senile dementia and is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment and neuronal degeneration. Microglial activation is an important pathologic hallmark of AD. During disease progression, microglial cells switch from an alternative or anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective profile (M2) to a classic or proinflammatory and neurotoxic profile (M1). Phenotypically, M1 microglia is characterized by the activation of inflammatory signaling pathways that cause increased expression of proinflammatory genes, including those coding for cytokines and chemokines. This microglia-mediated neuroinflammation contributes to neuronal cell death. Recent studies in microglial cells have shown that a group of plant-derived compounds, known as flavonoids, possess anti-inflammatory properties and therefore exert a neuroprotective effect through regulating microglia activation. Here, we discuss how flavonoids can promote the switch from an inflammatory M1 phenotype to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype in microglia and how this represents a valuable opportunity for the development of novel therapeutic strategies to blunt neuroinflammation and boost neuronal recovery in AD. We also review how

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“…The socioeconomic burden will be massive [37,64,65]. Our efforts need to be dramatically multiplied and qualitatively much better if we want to manage the coming tsunami, including designing and implementing policies to better assist patients and caregivers [37,65].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We await a huge wave of new diagnoses of Alzheimer's disease and dementia in the next 20-30 years, and we do not have any significant therapeutic tool to stop it. The socioeconomic burden will be massive [37,64,65]. Our efforts need to be dramatically multiplied and qualitatively much better if we want to manage the coming tsunami, including designing and implementing policies to better assist patients and caregivers [37,65].…”

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confidence: 99%

Editorial: Degenerative and cognitive diseases

Giliberto

2022

Current Opinion in Neurology

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Research and clinical care in the Alzheimer's disease and dementia work are extremely fascinating but at the same time frustrating endeavors. As much as one can wave the flag of the amyloid hypothesis, tau aggregation, inflammation or other pathophysiological mechanisms, the reality is that we know very little about the actual triggers that initiate the neurodegenerative process ahead of the clinical presentation. We have come a long way in the understanding that amyloid and tau pathologies develop differently, with different timelines and different locations [1-5] and with different meanings [6][7][8]; we have understood that these two elements influence each other [9][10][11] and have the ability to both cause neuronal damage [12][13][14][15][16]; we have discovered that several genetic factors, aside from the autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease variants, are important susceptibilities to develop the disease and modulated its course [17][18][19][20].

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Epidemiology of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias: rising global burden and forecasted trends

Cited by 43 publications

References 24 publications

The Interplay Between Neuroinfections, the Immune System and Neurological Disorders: A Focus on Africa

The Interplay Between Neuroinfections, the Immune System and Neurological Disorders: A Focus on Africa

Microglial activation in Alzheimer's disease: The role of flavonoids and microRNAs

Editorial: Degenerative and cognitive diseases

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