Epidemiology of Acne Vulgaris in 18-Year-Old Male Army Conscripts in a South Brazilian City

Abstract

Background: Prevalence of acne varies worldwide. Several factors (age, skin color, body fat, diet, and smoking) have been investigated as risk factors. Objective: A total of 2,201 18-year-old males living in Pelotas, South Brazil, were evaluated in order to examine the prevalence of acne and associated factors. Methods: A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted. A dermatologist performed the clinical examination of the face and trunk for identification of acne lesions. Acne was evaluated as clinically noninflammatory, inflammatory, and acne with both types of lesions. Skin color, schooling, height, smoking, skinfolds, waist circumference, BMI, and dietary dairy intake were the independent variables used. Results: A response rate of 97.2% was obtained. Individuals without any acne lesion were 241 (10.9%); 161 (7.3%) only had noninflammatory lesions, 404 (18.4%) only inflammatory lesions; and 1,395 (63.4%) presented both types of lesions. In multivariate analysis, the type of lesions was different in light and dark skin phototype adolescents, with more common inflammatory lesions in the light phototype and noninflammatory ones in the dark phototype patients. Height was directly associated with the occurrence of all types of acne, whereas lower fat mass was associated with the occurrence of noninflammatory acne. While daily consumption of whole milk or yogurt was found to be associated with inflammatory acne in crude analysis, the association with milk was not detected and that with yogurt was low in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Our results suggest that future studies should explore determinants of noninflammatory and inflammatory acne separately, especially if mixed populations are studied.

Dairy Intake and Acne Vulgaris: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 78,529 Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults

“…Two studies used non-acne dermatological controls [ 23 , 26 ] and the rest used healthy controls. Five studies were cross-sectional [ 20 , 21 , 27 , 46 , 47 ], five studies were case-control [ 18 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 26 ], one study was retrospective [ 15 ], and three studies were longitudinal [ 16 , 17 , 25 ]. The age-group ranged from 7–30 years.…”

“…Publication bias and robustness were carried out by use of the statistical program Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) version 3 (Biostat, Englewood, NJ, USA) for any dairy intake vs. no dairy intake and any milk intake vs. no milk intake. Four studies provided adjusted estimates for milk intake, with one study providing them as odds ratios [ 46 ], and three studies as prevalence ratios [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. In a sensitivity analysis, we used only adjusted prevalence ratios from the studies by Adebamowo et al [ 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”

The effect of milk consumption on acne: a meta‐analysis of observational studies

“…Finally, four cohort studies, 7-9,22 5 case-control, [10][11][12][13]23 and four cross-sectional studies [24][25][26][27] were included into our meta-analysis. The remaining 181 articles were screened for titles and abstracts and 26 articles were considered of interest and full texts were assessed for further evaluation.…”

“…24 The details for the included studies were described in Table 1. Articles were published between 2005 and 2017.…”

“…The study conducted by Duquia reported two milk varieties independently and was considered as two separate studies. 24 The details for the included studies were described in Table 1. According to NOS system, 11 of 13 include studies were considered as high quality, while the remaining two only met four NOS criteria.…”