Epidemiology

Carson, Alan; Lehn, Alex

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801772-2.00005-9

Cited by 147 publications

(141 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…8 It has been argued that this difference might be, at least partially, explained by the fact that these are clinic-based populations and women tend to access health services more frequently than men, with an odds ratio of 1.5:1. 8,9 This difference is partly explained by cultural and biological factors. In a large study comparing access to medical care in almost 2 million men and 2 million women, the crude consultation rate was 32% lower in men than women; such a lower rate for men persisted even after accounting for reproductive-related consultations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Differences in Functional Movement Disorders

Baizabal‐Carvallo

Jankovic

2019

Movement Disord Clin Pract

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Background Background: Functional neurological disorders are generally more common in females than males, but the reason for this gender difference is not well understood. Objectives Objectives: In this study, we aim to compare the clinical and demographic features of functional movement disorders (FMDs) between males and females. Methods Methods: We examined clinical data and video-recordings of patients with FMDs evaluated at the Baylor College of Medicine Movement Disorders Clinic. Results Results: Of the 196 patients with FMDs, males represented only 30% (n = 59) of the entire cohort. Men had an older age at onset: 40.5 versus 34.1 years (P = 0.026) and an older age at evaluation: 43.8 versus 38.1 years (P = 0.041) compared to women. Functional dystonia was more frequently observed in women: 47.5 versus 20.3% (P < 0.001), but there was a trend for higher frequency of functional gait disorder in men: 44 versus 30% (P = 0.056). Females were particularly over-represented (73.7%) in children and adolescents; but the genders were equally represented in patients aged ≥50 years. ConclusionsConclusions: Female patients are over-represented in FMDs, except in individuals aged ≥50 years. Compared to female patients, males with FMDs present later in life and are less likely to have functional dystonia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Differences in Functional Movement Disorders

Baizabal‐Carvallo

Jankovic

2019

Movement Disord Clin Pract

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“…Pairwise comparisons showed that the gait disorder group had significantly worse physical functioning (median 20, IQR 15-40) than the tremor (50 (25-80), p = 0.002) and myoclonus (50 (25-78), p = 0.001) groups. The work and social adjustment scale was significantly more impaired in the gait disorder and paresis group compared to myoclonus (gait disorder: median 30 (IQR [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34], versus myoclonus 20 (9-27), p < 0.001, paresis 28 (24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34) versus myoclonus, p = 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences between groups in quality of life scores, or in percentages of patients in work or receiving benefits for healthrelated reasons.…”

Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

Shared demographics and comorbidities in different functional motor disorders

Gelauff

Rosmalen

Gardien

et al. 2020

Parkinsonism & Related Disorders

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“…FND can present similarly to almost any neurological illness (eg, epilepsy, stroke, Parkinson’s disease) and represents a notable proportion of neurology outpatient referrals 2. FND often results in severe and/or chronic symptoms with considerable impact on patients’ social/occupational functioning, in addition to significant healthcare and societal costs 3. Nevertheless, there exists ongoing inconsistency in diagnostic classification and terminology for the disorder and its subtypes 1 4…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emotional processing in functional neurological disorder: a review, biopsychosocial model and research agenda

Pick

Goldstein

Perez

et al. 2018

J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry

199

167

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Functional neurological disorder (FND) is a common and highly disabling disorder, but its aetiology remains enigmatic. Conceptually, there has been reduced emphasis on the role of psychosocial stressors in recent years, with a corresponding increase in neurobiological explanations. However, a wealth of evidence supports the role of psychosocial adversities (eg, stressful life events, interpersonal difficulties) as important risk factors for FND. Therefore, there is a need to integrate psychosocial (environmental) and neurobiological factors (eg, sensorimotor and cognitive functions) in contemporary models of FND. Altered emotional processing may represent a key link between psychosocial risk factors and core features of FND. Here, we summarise and critically appraise experimental studies of emotional processing in FND using behavioural, psychophysiological and/or neuroimaging measures in conjunction with affective processing tasks. We propose that enhanced preconscious (implicit) processing of emotionally salient stimuli, associated with elevated limbic reactivity (eg, amygdala), may contribute to the initiation of basic affective/defensive responses via hypothalamic and brainstem pathways (eg, periaqueductal grey). In parallel, affect-related brain areas may simultaneously exert a disruptive influence on neurocircuits involved in voluntary motor control, awareness and emotional regulation (eg, sensorimotor, salience, central executive networks). Limbic-paralimbic disturbances in patients with FND may represent one of several neurobiological adaptations linked to early, severe and/or prolonged psychosocial adversity. This perspective integrates neurobiological and psychosocial factors in FND and proposes a research agenda, highlighting the need for replication of existing findings, multimodal sampling across emotional response domains and further examination of emotional influences on sensorimotor and cognitive functions in FND populations.

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Epidemiology

Cited by 147 publications

References 78 publications

Gender Differences in Functional Movement Disorders

Gender Differences in Functional Movement Disorders

Shared demographics and comorbidities in different functional motor disorders

Emotional processing in functional neurological disorder: a review, biopsychosocial model and research agenda

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