Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus Bloodstream Infections in Humans: a Review

Abstract

Staphylococci are among the most frequent human microbiota components associated with the high level of bloodstream infection (BSI) episodes. In predisposed patients, there is a high risk of transformation of BSI episodes to sepsis. Both bacterial and host factors are crucial for the outcomes of BSI and sepsis. The highest rates of BSI episodes were reported in Africa, where these infections were up to twice as high as the European rates. However, there remains a great need to analyze African data for comprehensive quantification of staphylococcal BSI prevalence. The lowest rates of BSI exist in Australia. Asian, European, and North American data showed similar frequency values. Worldwide analysis indicated that both Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are the most frequent BSI agents. In the second group, the most prevalent species was Staphylococcus epidermidis, although CoNS were not identified at the species level in many studies. The lack of a significant worldwide decrease in BSI episodes indicates a great need to implement standardized diagnostic methods and research etiological factors using advanced genetic methods.

Microbiological characteristics of bloodstream infections in a reference hospital in northeastern Brazil

“…The results found in this study corroborate studies developed in other health services in Brazil in which a higher frequency of positive samples of blood cultures by bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus was also observed, especially by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, in addition to a higher occurrence of infections in sectors that treat patients in a higher state of severity (Perna et al, 2015;Ruschel et al, 2017;Dallacorte et al, 2016;Foletto et al, 2019).…”

Autologous Bioactive Compound Concentrated Growth Factor Ameliorates Fistula Healing of Anal Fistula in a Pig Model and Promotes Proliferation and Migration of Human Skin Fibroblasts via Regulating the MEK/ERK Pathway

“…Previous studies have reported that the increase of Bacteroidetes and the decrease of Firmicutes are beneficial to intestinal health [ 46 ]. Bacteroides are generally beneficial in the intestine, whereas Staphylococcus promotes infection [ 47 , 48 ]. Interestingly, Wang et al found that Bacteroides spp that positively correlated with the progress of colitis was significantly increased in the gut, which decreased in the Prunella vulgaris - (PVH-) treated dextran sulfate sodium- (DSS-) induced acute colitis rats [ 49 ].…”

Calcium sulfate beads made with antibacterial essential oil-water emulsions exhibit growth inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus in agar pour plates

“…Staphylococcus aureus is a main causative agent of bone and joint infections in orthopedic medicine [1], and is a formidable Gram positive pathogen. S. aureus is also responsible for numerous other types of bacterial diseases including skin and soft tissue infections [2], sepsis [3], and respiratory illnesses [4]. In addition to the arsenal of virulence factors that S. aureus produces during infection [5], S. aureus also forms biofilms that resist both host defenses and chemical/antibiotic attack [5,6].…”