Epidemiology and Pathogenesis of Esophageal Cancer

Esophageal Cancer, Gastric Cancer and the use of Pesticides in the Southwestern of Turkey

“…In the development of squamous esophageal cancer, factors such as alcohol usage, smoking, chronic irritation and human papilloma virus are accounted for (Holmes et al, 2007;Stoner et al, 2013). Meyer et al (2011) demonstrated that death risk related to esophageal cancer among workers who were exposed to high level of pesticide in the case-control study they conducted on Brazilian agricultural workers (Meyer et al, 2011).…”

Epidemiology and Clinical Presentation in Esophageal Cancer

“…Up until the 1970s most esophageal cancers were of the squamous cell type, affecting mostly elderly men drawn from the poorer social classes and influenced by smoking and alcohol consumption. Since then there has been a dramatic increase in the incidence of adenocarcinoma, which tends to affect more affluent white men, often in their most productive years of life [2].…”

Polymorphisms of the NER pathway genes, ERCC1 and XPD are associated with esophageal adenocarcinoma risk

“…This rise in incidence is among the most rapid of any malignant solid tumor [3]. Contrastingly, the incidence of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus has been declining; this trend is most significant among blacks in the United States, although incidence in this group remains higher than any others [4,5]. Whereas squamous cell carcinoma has been definitively linked to smoking and alcohol abuse [5], the increasing incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma may be explained partly by the impact of environmental risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma, including chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), Barrett's esophagus (BE), smoking, alcohol, obesity, and possibly dietary factors [6][7][8][9][10][11].…”