“…Some authors (Pizzocaro et al, 2010, Bullen et al, 2009) suggest that incidence is higher in areas of South America, Africa and Asia. Robust evidence on aetiology is limited, but risk factors include older age, cigarette smoking, presence of human papillomavirus (HPV), lichen sclerosus, balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO), and phimosis (Blanco-Yarosh, 2007, Pizzocaro et al, 2010, Pow-Sang et al, 2010, Yagnik, 2009). There is a lower incidence of penile cancer in men who have been circumcised as a child, which suggests that this may be a protective factor (Pizzocaro et al, 2010, Pow-Sang et al, 2010.…”