Epidemiological Profile of Wild Rabies in Brazil (2002-2012)

Abstract

RESUMEN Objetivos. Describir el perfil epidemiológico de las personas discapacitadas por accidentes de tránsito (AT) en Perú. Materiales y métodos. Análisis secundario de la Encuesta Nacional Especializada Sobre Discapacidad (ENEDIS) del año 2012. Además, se realizó un análisis ecológico con los registros de AT del Ministerio de Transportes y Comunicaciones. Resultados. 49 036 personas reportaron algún tipo de discapacidad por accidentes de tránsito (DAT); 81,3% de los discapacitados reside en zonas urbanas. La discapacidad reportada más frecuente fue limitación en la locomoción y destreza (77,4%), seguida de la discapacidad visual (22,9%). Se reporta dependencia en 44,7% de las personas con discapacidad. Las regiones con mayor prevalencia de AT presentan mayor prevalencia de discapacidad por accidente de tránsito (Coeficiente de Spearman: 0,426, p=0,034). Conclusiones. La mayor parte de los discapacitados por AT proceden de la zona urbana, son varones y se encuentran en la edad económicamente productiva. La forma más común de limitación es la de locomoción. Gran parte de los afectados no reciben ningún tipo de rehabilitación, lo que acentúa la inequidad en salud relacionada a los accidentes de tránsito. Palabras clave: Accidentes de tránsito; Personas con discapacidad; Prevalencia (fuente: BIREME). ABSTRACT Objectives. To describe the epidemiological profile of people living with disabilities due to traffic accidents (TA) in Peru. Materials and methods. Secondary analysis of the National Survey Specialized on Disability (ENEDIS) of 2012 and an ecological analysis of TA records of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications was done. Results. Disability by traffic accidents (DAT) was reported by 49,036 persons; 81.3% of whom live in urban areas. The most frequent disability was limited locomotion and skill (77.4%), followed by visual impairment (22.9%). Dependence for activities was reported in 44.7% of persons with disabilities. The regions with the highest prevalence of TA have a higher prevalence of disability by traffic accidents (Spearman coefficient: 0.426, p=0.034). Conclusions. Most of disability due to TA is found in urban areas, correspond to males and consist of persons in economically productive age. The most common form of disability is in locomotion. Most of individuals do not receive any form of rehabilitation, which accentuates health inequity related to traffic accidents.

Serological Survey of Rabies Virus Infection among Bats in Brazil

“…From a qualitative point of view, however, the samplings were able to collect several species of bats, with haematophagus bats and frugivores or insectivores being collected in the sampling sites. In addition, the species captured in this study have reported positivity for RABV in several other studies (Uieda et al, 1995;Martorelli et al, 1996;Albas et al, 2005;Rocha et al, 2015). We can suggest that the detection of seronegative bats might indicate the presence of animals with antibody levels below the threshold of detection using current tests and that actions aimed at the surveillance of rabies in Brazil needs be prioritized.…”

“…Rabies, caused by a virus belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus (RABV), is characterized as a progressive and acute encephalitis that presents high lethality (Oliveira et al, 2015). The genus Lyssavirus presents eight genotypes, with genotype 1 -Rabies virus (RABV), the only one present in Latin America and Brazil, and can be expressed, according to the profile, in 12 antigenic variants according to their respective natural hosts (terrestrial or aerial) (Rupprecht et al, 2002).…”

“…In Brazil, seven antigenic variants of the rabies virus were found, being variants 1 and 2 isolated from dogs; variant 3, of the hematophagous bat Desmodus rotundus, and variants 4 and 6, of the insectivorous bats of the species Tadarida brasiliensis and Lasiurus cinereus (Brazil, 2016). Kotait et al (2009) with the aerial cycle of the disease (Rocha et al, 2015). In the same period the authors encountered 126 reported cases of human rabies, with a case-fatality rate of 99.2%.…”

Rabies surveillance in wild mammals in South of Brazil

“…In Brazil, from 2002 to 2012, the number of laboratorial confirmed cases of rabies, by direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT) in terrestrial wild animals was 460 (Rocha et al, ). Among these, 86% were canids ( Cerdocyon thous or Lycalopex vetulus ) and 11% were non‐human primates (NHP) mainly including marmosets and only one case in a capuchin monkey (Rocha et al, ). These results may be biased because of the wide geographical distribution and the proximity between marmosets and humans (Aguiar et al, ), sometimes kept as a pet, thus the majority of the NHP samples sent to analysis at Brazil are marmosets (Favoretto et al, ; Kotait et al, ).…”

“…An increase in the number of cases associated with the sylvatic cycle, mainly involving haematophagous bats ( D. rotundus ), but also other wild terrestrial animals, is already recognized as a matter of concern to Brazilian public health authorities (WHO, ). Nevertheless, the current surveillance system is insufficient to understand the epidemiological dynamics (Rocha et al, ). Cost‐effective rabies management techniques need to be developed in order to improve wildlife rabies surveillance and assessed whether it is possible to control it using actions implemented in Europe and the United States including vaccination (Sterner, Meltzer, Shwiff, & Slate, ; WHO, ).…”