Epidemiological association between osteoporosis and combined smoking and use of snuff among South African women

Abstract

Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the combined lifetime use of both snuff and cigarettes may increase the odds of developing osteoporosis among women who are 40 years and older.

Clinician’s Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis

“…The use of tobacco products is detrimental to the skeleton as well as to overall health [44–47]. NOF strongly encourages a smoking cessation program as an osteoporosis intervention.…”

Body composition in the Study of Women Entering and in Endocrine Transition (SWEET): A perspective of African women who have a high prevalence of obesity and HIV infection

“…Snuff use is prevalent among black South African women, and nicotine in popular snuff brands used by these women appears to be very high [50] and potentially more detrimental to bone health than snuff products used in other countries. Lower BMD was shown with combined use of cigarettes and snuff in black South African women [51] and data from a small crosssectional study [52] suggested that smokeless tobacco use may be an additional risk for decreased BMD. Snuff use has been linked to increased obesity and thus may increase risk of metabolic syndrome [53], and it has also been observed that smoking increases abdominal girth [54].…”

A Multifactoral Analysis of 1452 Patients for Smoking Sensation. An Outpatient Lab Experience

“…Smoking has been also associated with implant failure 47. Osteoporosis has been observed to be increased in patients with smoking habit 48. There has been an effort to identify whether different scales for smoking habit evaluation should be designed and incorporated for different populations.…”