Epidemiological Aspects of Diarrhea Associated with Known Enteropathogens in Rural Bangladesh

Black, Robert E.; Merson, Michael H.; Brown, Kenneth H.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-9284-6_4

Cited by 96 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Compared to better nourished children, the prevalence of Shigella in our study was higher in underweight, stunted, and wasted children aged <5 years, which is similar to earlier observations [5]. Of all diarrhoeal diseases, the negative nutritional impact is greater with shigellosis, due to presence of fever, greater anorexia, and the loss of enteric proteins, and has been associated with decreased linear growth rate in previous studies in Bangladesh [4,28].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Changing species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern ofShigellaover a 29-year period (1980–2008)

Khatun

Faruque

Koeck³

et al. 2010

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYWe studied changes in species distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Shigella during 1980-2008, using the Diarrhoeal Diseases Surveillance system of Dhaka Hospital of ICDDR,B. In hospitalized patients Shigella prevalence decreased steadily from 8-12 % in the 1980s to 3% in 2008. Endemic S. flexneri was the most commonly isolated species (54 %). Epidemic S. dysenteriae type 1 had two peaks in 1984 and 1993, but was not found after 2000, except for one case in 2004. The therapeutic options are now limited : in 2008 a total of 33 % of S. flexneri were resistant to ciprofloxacin and 57 % to mecillinam. In the <5 years age group, severely underweight, wasted and stunted children were more at risk of shigellosis compared to well-nourished children (P<0 . 001). Although hospitalization for Shigella diarrhoea is decreasing, the high levels of antimicrobial resistance and increased susceptibility of malnourished children continue to pose an ongoing risk.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Changing species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern ofShigellaover a 29-year period (1980–2008)

Khatun

Faruque

Koeck³

et al. 2010

Epidemiol. Infect.

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“…5 Subsequent studies in various settings have confirmed this observation, [6][7][8][9] particularly for diarrhea, which is one of the most common illnesses in early life. More recent studies have shown that child height deficits are proportional to the cumulative burden of diarrhea during childhood, and that diarrhea during the first 6 months of life may have particularly adverse consequences on growth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Acute Illness is Associated with Suppression of the Growth Hormone Axis in Zimbabwean Infants

Jones¹,

Rukobo²,

Chasekwa³

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Frequent infections contribute to childhood stunting in developing countries but the causal pathways are uncertain. We tested the hypothesis that intercurrent illnesses suppress the growth hormone axis through reductions in insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). In a birth cohort of 202 HIV-unexposed Zimbabwean infants, we analyzed data on 7-day illness recall and measured plasma interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and IGF-1 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, at age 6 weeks, and then 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. Children with recent acute illness had lower IGF-1 concentrations than healthy children and IGF-1 correlated inversely (P 0.05) with inflammatory biomarkers at most time points between 3 and 18 months. Using path analysis, we showed that cough and fever had a predominantly indirect effect on suppressing IGF-1, through the acute-phase response, whereas diarrhea had a predominantly direct effect on IGF-1. Acute illness may therefore impact the growth hormone axis through both direct and indirect pathways.

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“…Health benefits of hygiene reflect the Mills Reincke phenomenon (Sedgwick and MacNutt, 1908) of multiple health gains; for example, hygiene has been shown to reduce risk and prevalence of respiratory infections (Ryan et al, 2001;Rabie and Curtis, 2006), trachoma (Taylor et al, 1989;West et al, 1995), and diarrhea (Aung Myo and Thein, 1989;Cairncross et al, 2010). Repeated episodes of diarrhea have adverse effects on nutrition and growth in children (Black et al, 1984;Checkley et al, 2003), and the use of improved water sources, defined as water sources protected from outside contamination (WHO/UNICEF, 2012), has been associated with improved child height and weight outcomes (Tomkins et al, 1978;Esrey et al, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-plot drinking water supplies and health: A systematic review

Overbo

Williams

Evans

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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Many studies have found that household access to water supplies near or within the household plot can reduce the probability of diarrhea, trachoma, and other water-related diseases, and it is generally accepted that on-plot water supplies produce health benefits for households. However, the body of research literature has not been analyzed to weigh the evidence supporting this. A systematic review was conducted to investigate the impacts of on-plot water supplies on diarrhea, trachoma, child growth, and water-related diseases, to further examine the relationship between household health and distance to water source and to assess whether on-plot water supplies generate health gains for households. Studies provide evidence that households with on-plot water supplies experience fewer diarrheal and helminth infections and greater child height. Findings suggest that water-washed (hygiene associated) diseases are more strongly impacted by on-plot water access than waterborne diseases. Few studies analyzed the effects of on-plot water access on quantity of domestic water used, hygiene behavior, and use of multiple water sources, and the lack of evidence for these relationships reveals an important gap in current literature. The review findings indicate that on-plot water access is a useful health indicator and benchmark for the progressive realization of the Sustainable Development Goal target of universal safe water access as well as the human right to safe water.

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Epidemiological Aspects of Diarrhea Associated with Known Enteropathogens in Rural Bangladesh

Cited by 96 publications

References 25 publications

Changing species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern ofShigellaover a 29-year period (1980–2008)

Changing species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern ofShigellaover a 29-year period (1980–2008)

Acute Illness is Associated with Suppression of the Growth Hormone Axis in Zimbabwean Infants

On-plot drinking water supplies and health: A systematic review

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