Epidemiological aspects of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in an endemic area of forest extractivist culture in western Brazilian Amazonia

Brilhante, Andréia Fernandes; Melchior, Leonardo Augusto Kohara; Nunes, Vânia Lúcia Brandão; Cardoso, Camila Kellen de Souza; Galati, Eunice Aparecida Bianchi

doi:10.1590/s1678-9946201759012

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Mucosal ATL is more severe than other forms, responds slowly to treatment, and is more susceptible to coinfections. Therefore, early diagnosis through parasitological examination to look for protozoa in supposedly infected tissues is required 21 , 22 . One can observe, based on this study's results, that the parasitological examination was not performed in all most cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in the Brazilian Amazon from 2010 to 2014

Teles

Fonseca

Gonçalves

2019

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is one of the most important but neglected infectious diseases, and can cause severe deformities. ATL incidence remains high in forest regions, such as in the Amazonas State, Brazil. However, differences within the State and over time have been observed, since infection patterns are not homogeneous, and these aspects need to be clarified. This study aimed to identify the epidemiological profile of ATL and its spatial and temporal distribution in the Brazilian Amazon, from 2010 to 2014. Data were extracted from the Information System for Notifiable Diseases, which descriptively evaluates the incidence rate, as well as the temporal and spatial distribution of the disease. The highest prevalence of ATL was found in men and in the age group of 20-40 years. Approximately 95% of the cases were of cutaneous ATL and they were identified through direct examination. The spatial analysis has shown that ATL was widely distributed, both in rural and urban areas, and more concentrated in the Southern part of the State. Moreover, although there was an expansion in the spatial distribution and an increasing incidence of ATL in Amazonas, the epidemiological profile remained unchanged, suggesting that other factors must be responsible for its widespread distribution and increasing incidence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in the Brazilian Amazon from 2010 to 2014

Teles

Fonseca

Gonçalves

2019

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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“…Most local activities focus on rubber tapping (extractivism) and ecotourism, exposing these individuals to vectors as they enter the forest. In addition to the construction, vectors are attracted by house lights, which allow an intra and peridomiciliary transmission cycle . In the Amazon, an overwhelming number of sandflies are reported in forest areas compared to the peridomiciliary environment, with predominance of Nyssomyia umbratilis , the main vector for Leishmania guyanensis , responsible for the majority of ACL cases in the state .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of deforestation on American cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence: spatial‐temporal distribution, environmental and socioeconomic factors associated in the Brazilian Amazon

Rodrigues

Brito-Sousa

Dias

et al. 2019

Tropical Med Int Health

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Objective To analyse the temporal and spatial distribution as well as the environmental and socioeconomic factors associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence in the state of Amazonas, Brazil from 2007 to 2015. Methods Spatial and temporal distribution was evaluated from sequential thematic maps of the mean incidence rates of the disease. A negative binomial regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association of the factors studied with the mean incidence rate of ACL. Results The average proportion of deforestation was negatively associated with the average incidence rate of cutaneous leishmaniasis in municipalities (β = −2.178; P = 0.019; 95%CI −3.996, −0.361), and the health system performance index (effectiveness) (β = −0.852; P = 0.008; 95%CI −1.481, −0.225). Conversely, the municipal human development index (MHDI) was a factor positively related to the average incidence among the municipalities (β = 7.728; P = 0.003; 95%CI 2.716, 12.738). Conclusion Our study shows the important impact of socioeconomic and environmental factors on ACL incidence in the Amazonas State.

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“…Unlike Old World CL, data from the New World document a higher incidence of CL in males than females in Mexico and Colombia [46–48]. Similar reports from across Brazil show that males develop cutaneous manifestations of leishmaniasis at higher rates than females [49–53]. A nationwide study found increased CL in males versus females under age 1.…”

Section: Cutaneous Leishmaniasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex-Related Differences in Immune Response and Symptomatic Manifestations to Infection with Leishmania Species

Lockard

Wilson

Rodríguez

2019

Journal of Immunology Research

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Worldwide, an estimated 12 million people are infected with Leishmania spp. and an additional 350 million are at risk of infection. Leishmania are intracellular parasites that cause disease by suppressing macrophage microbicidal responses. Infection can remain asymptomatic or lead to a spectrum of diseases including cutaneous, mucocutaneous, and visceral leishmaniasis. Ultimately, the combination of both pathogen and host factors determines the outcome of infection. Leishmaniasis, as well as numerous other infectious diseases, exhibits sex-related differences that cannot be explained solely in terms of environmental exposure or healthcare access. Furthermore, transcriptomic evidence is revealing that biological sex is a variable impacting physiology, immune response, drug metabolism, and consequently, the progression of disease. Herein, we review the distribution, morbidity, and mortality among male and female leishmaniasis patients. Additionally, we discuss experimental findings and new avenues of research concerning sex-specific responses in cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. The limitations of current therapies and the emergence of drug-resistant parasites underscore the need for new treatments that could harness the host immune response. As such, understanding the mechanisms driving the differential immune response and disease outcome of males versus females is a necessary step in the development of safer and more effective treatments against leishmaniasis.

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Epidemiological aspects of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) in an endemic area of forest extractivist culture in western Brazilian Amazonia

Cited by 16 publications

References 20 publications

American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in the Brazilian Amazon from 2010 to 2014

American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in the Brazilian Amazon from 2010 to 2014

The role of deforestation on American cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence: spatial‐temporal distribution, environmental and socioeconomic factors associated in the Brazilian Amazon

Sex-Related Differences in Immune Response and Symptomatic Manifestations to Infection with Leishmania Species

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