Epidemiologic Patterns of Smoking and Periodontal Disease in the United States

Ismaïl, Amid I.; Burt, Brian A.; Eklund, Stephen A.

doi:10.14219/jada.archive.1983.0137

Cited by 232 publications

(171 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Smoking cessation is therefore recommended prior to periodontal therapy. 26 As long ago as 1983, Ismail et al 1 found that smoking and poorer levels of oral hygiene were linked. They acknowledged that while poor interdental oral hygiene remained an important factor in the onset of periodontitis, smoking appeared to be directly related to periodontitis, independent of other factors such as age, sex, race, oral hygiene or socio-economic status.…”

Section: Relationship Between Smoking and Periodontal Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…37 No differences in periodontal indices could be found between periodontitis sufferers and the method of smoking. 1,38 Many smokers of cigars and pipes seem to feel that because the smoke is not inhaled it is fundamentally 'safer' . They seem to be unaware of the effects that strong unfiltered tobacco smoke has on the health of their oral tissues.…”

Section: Relationship Between Smoking and Periodontal Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

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Poor patient awareness of the relationship between smoking and periodontal diseases

Lung¹,

Kelleher²,

Porter³

et al. 2005

Br Dent J

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Section: Relationship Between Smoking and Periodontal Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Relationship Between Smoking and Periodontal Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Poor patient awareness of the relationship between smoking and periodontal diseases

Lung¹,

Kelleher²,

Porter³

et al. 2005

Br Dent J

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“…The 1st National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey demonstrated that the association remained even after co-founding factors such as age, gender and socio-economic status is controlled. It was reported that though current smokers had higher levels of plaque and calculus, they still had greater periodontal destruction than former or never smokers (Ismail et al, 1983).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Serum Cotinine Levels and Periodontal Status

Al-Bayaty

Baharuddin

Abdulla

2010

OnLine Journal of Biological Sciences

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Problem statement:Smoking plays a significant role in the development of periodontal disease. Quantitative relation between smoking and increased severity of periodontal disease, by means of biochemical marker has not been described in Malaysian population. The present study was designed to apply serum cotinine measurement as a quantitative method to evaluate smoking levels in Malaysian patients and to correlate these levels with the severity of periodontal disease. Approach: The study group consisted of 80 healthy individuals (20-64) year, Current Smokers 26, Non Smokers 27 and Former Smokers 27. The subjects were then asked to complete a questionnaire including the demographic, socioeconomic status, medical history and history of cigarette smoking. The periodontal variables recorded were amount of Visible Plaque score, gingival bleeding Index and community periodontal index. Samples of blood "10 mL" were obtained in vacutainer tubes containing EDTA for quantitative analysis of serum levels of cotinine. The serum samples were analyzed for cotinine content by means of a competitive-inhibition ELISA technique. Results: Current smokers represent the highest mean cotinine serum level, 95.5 ng mL −1 , compared to former smokers, 35.5 ng mL −1 and non smokers, 22.9 ng mL −1 . The mean serum cotinine level in periodontally healthy patient showed the highest cotinine level (84 ng mL −1 ) followed by the gingivitis patients (68 ng mL −1 ) and (50 ng mL −1 ) for periodontitis patients. Conclusion: The present observations clearly indicate an association between smoking, periodontal disease clinical parameters "plaque, gingival bleeding scores" and cotinine serum levels in current smokers. Cotinine serum levels doesn't affected by the existence or the severity of periodontal disease.

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“…Smoking and Plaque Accumulation Preber et al (7,8), Feldman et al (9), and Ismail et al (2) observed smokers to have decreased levels of oral hygiene when compared to non-smokers.…”

Section: Smoking and Plaquementioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a long history of association between tobacco smoking and periodontal disease. In 1983, Ismail et al (2) analyzed smoking and periodontal disease and found that after adjusting for potential confounding variables such as age, oral hygiene, gender and socioeconomic status, smoking remained a major risk indicator for periodontal diseases. Locker and Leake (3) found that among Canadians, smoking was one of the most consistent predictors of periodontal disease experience.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%