Epidemiologic evidence for workplace ETS as a risk factor for lung cancer among nonsmokers: specific risk estimates.

Reynolds, Peggy

doi:10.1289/ehp.99107s6865

Cited by 17 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The excess risk from environmental tobacco smoke at work is typically lower than that from spousal smoking, but it may Nurminen & Karjalainen be greater at high levels of exposure (85). In yet another review, of 12 hospital-based and 4 population-based studies, Raynolds (86) concluded that the workplace risk estimates across studies tend to be consistent with those from exposure to a smoking spouse. A large IARC study (87) estimated an RR of 1.17 (95% CI 0.94-1.45).…”

Section: Criteria Used For Selecting the Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland

Nurminen¹,

Karjalainen²

2001

Scand J Work Environ Health

257

202

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Objectives This study attempts to estimate the proportion of annual deaths related to occupational factors in Finland and considers related methodological issues and associated uncertainties.Methods Statistics on causes of death, numbers of subjects exposed, and risk ratios obtained from the epidemiologic literature were used to estimate the population attributable fraction and disease burden for causes of death from work-related diseases. Gender-, age-and disease-specific numbers of deaths were provided by Statistics Finland for 1996. Information on the size of the population, broken down by gender, age, occupation, and industry, was acquired from population censuses. A Finnish job-exposure matrix supplied data on the prevalence of exposure for specific agents and the level of exposure among exposed workers. ResultsThe attributable fraction of work-related mortality in the relevant disease and age categories was estimated to be 7% (10% for men and 2% for women), and for all diseases and ages the fraction was 4%. For the main cause-of-death categories, the attributable fraction became 12% for circulatory system diseases, 8% for malignant neoplasms, 4% for respiratory system diseases, 4% for mental disorders, 3% for nervous system diseases, and 3% for accidents and violence. The following estimates were obtained for specific important diseases: 24% for lung cancer, 17% for ischemic heart disease, 12% for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 11% for stroke. Based on these fractions, the total number of work-related deaths that occurred in Finland in 1996 was calculated to be on the order of 1800 (employed work force of 2.1 million); 86% involved men.Conclusions High-quality epidemiologic studies and national survey data are essential for obtaining reliable estimates of the proportion of deaths attributable to occupational factors. The magnitude of work-related mortality is an insufficiently recognized contributor to total mortality in Finland, especially from circulatory diseases and other diseases caused by exposure to agents other than asbestos.Key terms attributable fraction, burden of disease, epidemiologic methods, health statistics, occupational exposure. Global estimates of the burden of disease due to occupational factors have been calculated through the application of Finnish rates of registered work-related diseases (1). The approach is subject to the following two fundamental uncertainties: (i) the validity of the data on disease incidence from the national reporting scheme and (ii) the validity of worldwide extrapolations to different regions with different exposure circumstances. With the exception of studies using workers' compensation records, only a few research projects have estimated the magnitude of morbidity or mortality induced by exposure to hazardous agents or stress factors in the work environment at a state or national level. The investigations conducted in this area have covered New York State (2), the whole of the United States (3), Canada (4), and Australia (5). Given the lack of ...

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Section: Criteria Used For Selecting the Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland

Nurminen¹,

Karjalainen²

2001

Scand J Work Environ Health

257

202

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“…Chappell (20) (27,28). The risk related specifically to workplace ETS exposure has been studied in women in 16 hospital-based or population-based case-control studies and in men in 7 hospital-based or community-based case-control studies and in 1 cohort study (28,29).…”

Section: Cardiovascular Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The risk related specifically to workplace ETS exposure has been studied in women in 16 hospital-based or population-based case-control studies and in men in 7 hospital-based or community-based case-control studies and in 1 cohort study (28,29). Most of the studies were not explicitly designed to evaluate the association between workplace ETS and lung cancer risk and consequently had low power to detect a statistically significant relationship (28). In general, the risk estimates appear to be consistent with those for exposure from a smoking spouse.…”

Section: Cardiovascular Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Potential biases that might affect the risk estimates from lung cancer studies were discussed extensively by workshop participants (28,29,39,40). Hospital-based case-control studies may be weakened by a selection bias if recruitment of cases or controls is related in some way to ETS exposure.…”

Section: Cardiovascular Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hospital-based case-control studies may be weakened by a selection bias if recruitment of cases or controls is related in some way to ETS exposure. In recent years, several population-based case-control studies have been conducted to avoid this type of bias (28). In epidemiologic studies, some degree of misclassification of exposure and of outcome is likely to occur.…”

Section: Cardiovascular Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Summary: workshop on health risks attributable to ETS exposure in the workplace.

Jaakkola

Samet

1999

Environ Health Perspect

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This 1998 workshop was convened to address the health risks of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in the workplace. It was paired with a 1997 workshop on issues related to ETS exposure in work environments (1). In the 1998 workshop, a multidisciplinary group of participants was charged with reviewing evidence on the quantitative risks to health posed by ETS and to discuss development of risk assessment methodology for the future. The overall charges for the present workshop were * to consider various health outcomes and make recommendations regarding those health outcomes to be included in assessment of health risk resulting from ETS in the workplace; * to consider available studies addressing these health outcomes and to evaluate the validity of data for estimating risk from occupational ETS exposure; * to review and evaluate mathematical models useful for estimating the risk due to ETS exposure; * to examine dose-response models and to characterize the models regarding validity and uncertainty in estimating health risk attributable to ETS exposure in the workplace. The 1997 workshop evaluated the accuracy of exposure measurement methods for ETS and the utility of various smoke constituents as surrogates for measuring ETS exposure; it also reviewed and evaluated mathematical models for predicting ETS concentrations (2). In their overall conclusions, the workshop participants set out a general approach for estimating the distribution of ETS exposure in the United States (2). For a quantitative risk assessment to be conducted, information on the ETS exposure distribution should be combined with estimates of the exposure-effect relationships for the health effects of interest (3). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration had followed a similar type of general approach in its risk assessment in 1994 of selected risks from ETS exposure in the workplace (4).The evidence on adverse effects of ETS has steadily increased over recent decades (5 (6)(7)(8)(9)(10) and also between ETS exposure and ischemic heart disease (9-11). Some data indicate other adverse effects of ETS in adults, including increased risk for asthma and respiratory symptoms and reduced lung function level (5), but there is not yet enough evidence to reach conclusions concerning causality. Other health effects linked to ETS exposure of adults include low birth weight and increased risk for some nonrespiratory cancers (5,9). This workshop was primarily concerned with four health outcomes. Heart disease and lung cancer were included because a hazard has been identified. Asthma was considered because of its high prevalence and the known responsiveness of persons with asthma to inhaled pollutants. The exposure of pregnant women was addressed because of the potential vulnerability of the fetus.The charges given to workshop participants in relation to the four health outcomes are listed in Table 1. Workshop participants were also asked to address key methodologic issues that arise in interpreting the epidemiologic data on ETS exposure and ...

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Raman spectroscopic characterization of urine of normal and oral cancer subjects

Brindha

Aruna

Bharanidharan

et al. 2014

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Urine is considered as one of the diagnostically important bio fluids, as it has many metabolites. The distribution and the physiochemical properties of the metabolites may vary during any altered metabolic and pathological conditions. Raman spectroscopy was employed in the characterization of the metabolites of human urine of normal subjects and oral cancer patients in the finger print region (500-1800 cm À1 ). Principal component analysis-based linear discriminant analysis was performed to discriminate cancer patients from normal subjects. The discriminant analysis classifies the cancer patients from normal subjects with a sensitivity and specificity of 98.6% and 87.1%, respectively, with an overall accuracy of 93.7%.

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Epidemiologic evidence for workplace ETS as a risk factor for lung cancer among nonsmokers: specific risk estimates.

Cited by 17 publications

References 43 publications

Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland

Epidemiologic estimate of the proportion of fatalities related to occupational factors in Finland

Summary: workshop on health risks attributable to ETS exposure in the workplace.

Raman spectroscopic characterization of urine of normal and oral cancer subjects

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