Epidemics of Gastroenteritis during 2006 Were Associated with the Spread of Norovirus GII.4 Variants 2006a and 2006b

Tu, Elise; Bull, Rowena A.; Greening, Gail E.; Hewitt, Joanne; Lyon, Michael J.; Marshall, John A.; McIver, Christopher J.; Rawlinson, William D.; White, Peter A.

doi:10.1086/525259

Cited by 161 publications

(176 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Similarly, the incidence of general practitioner consultations for norovirus was only slightly lower than that from a recent study in Germany, which used RT-PCR diagnosis for norovirus, but again this study had a narrower case definition for IID (2 or more loose stools, or 2 or more vomiting episodes in 24 hours) (21). The incidence of norovirus-associated IID may also have been higher than normal during our study because a new variant of norovirus emerged during 1995 and 1996 (22)(23)(24); emergence of norovirus variants has been associated with increased disease incidence (25)(26)(27)(28).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Prevalence and characteristics of asymptomatic norovirus infection in the community in England

et al. 2010

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Existing estimates of the incidence of infectious intestinal disease (IID) caused by norovirus are based on electron microscopy or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Neither method accurately represents norovirus disease burden: Electron microscopy has poor diagnostic sensitivity, and RT-PCR has poor diagnostic specificity. In this study, viral load measurements were used to identify cases of norovirus-associated IID and to produce new incidence estimates for England. IID cases were ascertained in the Study of Infectious Intestinal Disease in England (1993England ( -1996, and stool specimens were tested by semiquantitative real-time RT-PCR for norovirus. The age-adjusted community incidence of norovirus-associated IID was 4.5/100 person-years (95% credibility interval: 3.8, 5.2), equating to 2 million episodes/year. Among children aged less than 5 years, the community incidence was 21.4/100 person-years (95% credibility interval: 15.9, 27.7), and the incidence of consultations to general practitioners for norovirus-associated IID was 3.2/100 person-years (95% credibility interval: 2.6, 3.8), with 100,000 children visiting their general practitioner for norovirus-associated IID each year. Norovirus is the most common cause of IID in the community in England and is responsible for a similar number of pediatric primary care consultations as rotavirus.England; gastroenteritis; incidence; Monte Carlo method; Norovirus; primary health care; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction Abbreviations: IID, infectious intestinal disease; ROC, receiver operating characteristic; RT-PCR, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Prevalence and characteristics of asymptomatic norovirus infection in the community in England

et al. 2010

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“…GII-4 was also the prevalent genotype that circulated in Belém in another study of samples collected in the years of 1992-1994 and 1998-2000 (data not shown). Many articles report a marked increase on the circulation of GII-4 strains since the 1990s, with growing genetic variability, that were related either with extensive 5,31,43 outbreaks and sporadic cases .…”

Section: Frommentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization of norovirus, sapovirus and astrovirus in children with acute gastroenteritis from Belém, Pará, Brazil

et al. 2010

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Molecular characterization of norovirus, sapovirus and astrovirus in children with acute gastroenteritis from Belém, Pará, Brazil Caracterização molecular de norovírus, sapovírus e astrovírus em crianças com gastroenterite aguda em Belém, Pará, Brasil Caracterización molecular de norovirus, sapovirus y astrovirus en niños con gastroenteritis aguda en Belém (Pará, Brasil) http://revista.iec.pa.gov.br Glicélia Cruz Aragão ABSTRACTThe importance of norovirus (NoVs), sapovirus (SaVs) and human astrovirus (HAstVs) as causes of gastroenteritis outbreaks is already well-defined, but a few studies have described sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis caused by these viral entities. The aim of this study was to determine the role of these viruses in the etiology of acute gastroenteritis in children enrolled to participate in hospital -and emergency department -based intensive surveillance carried out in Belém, Brazil, from March to September 2003. A total of 305 stool specimens from patients with severe gastroenteritis were collected and screened by reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), using the specific primers Mon 269 and Mon 270 for HAstVs, p289 and p290 for human calicivirus (HuCVs), and Mon 431/433 and Mon 432/434 for NoVs. Sequencing of RT-PCR HAstV, HuCV and NoV amplicons was carried out using the same primers. Of the 305 samples tested, 96 (31.5%) were positive, with 51 diagnosed as HuCVs, 40 as HAstVs and five as mixed infections. Of the 56 (18.4%) HuCVs sequenced, 30 were NoVs (9.8%) of genogroups and 15 (4.9%) were SaVs of types GI-1, GI-2 and GII-1. HAstVs, including genotypes 1, 8 and 2, were detected in 45 (14.7%) samples. This study has highlighted the importance of these viruses as causes of acute gastroenteritis and established the circulation of different genotypes during the study period. These results reinforce the need for establishing an intensive surveillance for gastroenteritis caused by these viruses to assess the burden of disease and to monitor the circulation of genotypes.

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“…The genogroup II detected in the untreated wastewater at higher rate, as confirmed in caused a multitude of epidemics of gastroenteritis worldwide [34] . For several years the strains of genotype II, especially strain GII4, have shown worldwide and a vast geographical distribution due to contamination from person to person during epidemics [35][36][37] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Epidemiological surveillance of enteric viruses in sewage samples in East Macedonia and Thrace region in Greece

et al. 2013

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<p>The enteric viruses (EVs) are the most common and widespread human viruses, as they can spread in the environment through the faecal excretion. These infectious agents may cause outbreaks throughout the year. The aim of this study was to investigate the environmental presence of EVs using molecular methods. A total of 144 wastewater samples were collected between December 2004 and November 2006 from six sewage treatment plants in Greece. The sampling was carried out once a month. Out of the 144 examined wastewater samples, 59.7%, 40.9%, 17.3%, 34%, 2% were positive to the detection of adenovirus, enterovirus, norovirus GI, norovirus GII and hepatitis A, respectively. Our results indicated the potential public health risk associated with transmission of human enteric viruses through environmental wastewater routes. This is the first time that enteric viruses have been isolated in the region of East Macedonia and Thrace in Greece.</p>

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Epidemics of Gastroenteritis during 2006 Were Associated with the Spread of Norovirus GII.4 Variants 2006a and 2006b

Abstract: The global increase in norovirus-associated gastroenteritis in 2006 was linked to the emergence of 2 novel GII.4 variants, 2006a and 2006b.

Cited by 161 publications

References 37 publications

Prevalence and characteristics of asymptomatic norovirus infection in the community in England

Prevalence and characteristics of asymptomatic norovirus infection in the community in England

Molecular characterization of norovirus, sapovirus and astrovirus in children with acute gastroenteritis from Belém, Pará, Brazil

Epidemiological surveillance of enteric viruses in sewage samples in East Macedonia and Thrace region in Greece

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