Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Inhibition Method to Estimate the Level of Airborne Bovine Epidermal Antigen in Cowsheds

Virtanen, Tuomas; Louhelainen, Kyösti; Mäntyjärvi, Rauno

doi:10.1159/000234143

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 15 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…Several different methods have been described for the measurement of cow allergens, including: ELISA inhibition with rabbit antiserum against bovine dander antigens [27], Rocket immunoelectrophoresis with rabbit antiserum against the major allergen Bos d 2 [13] and sandwich ELISA with anti-Bos d 2 monoclonal antibodies [17]. None of these tests are commercially available, and only the sandwich ELISA technique offers the high sensitivity that is required to detect the low allergen levels present in airborne dust samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Sandwich ELISA to Measure Exposure to Occupational Cow Hair Allergens

Zahradnik

Sander

Bruckmaier

et al. 2011

Int Arch Allergy Immunol

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Background: Cow hair and dander are important inducers of occupational allergies in cattle-exposed farmers. To estimate allergen exposure in farming environments, a sensitive enzyme immunoassay was developed to measure cow hair allergens. Methods: A sandwich ELISA was developed using polyclonal rabbitantibodies against a mixture of hair extracts from different cattle breeds. To assess the specificity of the assay, extracts from other mammalian epithelia, mites, molds and grains were tested. To validate the new assay, cow hair allergens were measured in passive airborne dust samples from the stables and homes of farmers. Dust was collected with electrostatic dust fall collectors (EDCs). Results: The sandwich ELISA was found to be very sensitive (detection limit: 0.1 ng/ml) and highly reproducible, demonstrating intra- and interassay coefficients of variation of 4 and 10%, respectively. The assay showed no reactivity with mites, molds and grains, but some cross-reactivity with other mammalian epithelia, with the strongest reaction with goat. Using EDCs for dust sampling, high concentrations of bovine allergens were measured in cow stables (4,760–559,400 µg/m²). In addition, bovine allergens were detected in all areas of cattle farmer dwellings. A large variation was found between individual samples (0.3–900 µg/m²) and significantly higher values were discovered in changing rooms. Conclusion: The ELISA developed for the detection of cow hair proteins is a useful tool for allergen quantification in occupational and home environments. Based on its low detection limit, this test is sensitive enough to detect allergens in passive airborne dust.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Sandwich ELISA to Measure Exposure to Occupational Cow Hair Allergens

Zahradnik

Sander

Bruckmaier

et al. 2011

Int Arch Allergy Immunol

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“…They could also be identified in bovine whey, saliva, urine, amniotic fluid, beef, and leather [26], We are not aware of any publication on the quantification of cow hair allergens in house dust samples. Only levels of airborne bovine epithelial antigen in barns have been deter mined by the ELISA inhibition method [27,28]. In the pre sent study the major allergen Bos d 2 of cow hair and dander in house dust samples was quantified by means of R1E.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cow Hair Allergen (Bos d 2) Content in House Dust: Correlation with Sensitization in Farmers with Cow Hair Asthma

Hinze

Bergmann²,

Løwenstein³

et al. 1997

Int Arch Allergy Immunol

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Farmers (N = 45) suffering from occupational cow hair asthma were visited at home to evaluate the concentration of cow hair major allergen Bos d 2 in the house dust and to correlate these results with measures of avoidance, degree of sensitization, clinical symptoms, and lung function. Bos d 2 was determined by rocket immunoelectrophoresis. In dust of tiles and linoleum Bos d 2 was difficult to detect, whereas dust samples of carpets often contained high concentrations of the allergen (50–520 μg/g fine dust). Bos d 2 levels were significantly higher when barn and living quarters were in the same building. Concentrations of cow hair-specific IgE were correlated with concentrations of Bos d 2 in house dust samples. A concentration of 20–29 μg Bos d 2 per gram of house dust could be established as threshold value for relevant IgE sensitization. Avoiding the barn is not a sufficient avoidance measure for cow hair asthmatics if the partner continues cattle farming. Cessation of cattle farming and avoiding the former barn results in a marked reduction in Bos d 2 concentration in living quarters, a decreased degree of sensitization, and a reduced symptom score. Farmers with cow hair asthma should avoid cattle and thoroughly clean all carpets in the living quarters to avoid continuous cow allergen exposure.

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“…To quantify allergen concentrations, several different methods have been developed including: (1) ELISA inhibition with polyclonal antibodies against bovine skin scrape (126), (2) Rocket immunoelectrophoresis with rabbit antiserum against the major allergen Bos d 2 (127), (3) sandwich ELISA with polyclonal antibodies against an extract prepared from hair of different cattle breeds (128), and (4) sandwich ELISA with anti-Bos d 2 monoclonal antibodies 3D4 and mAB1 (129). Recently, the last method with recombinant Bos d 2 as a reference standard was made commercially available (Indoor Biotechnologies).…”

Section: Cattle (Bos Domesticus)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Allergens and Their Presence in the Environment

2014

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Exposure to animal allergens is a major risk factor for sensitization and allergic diseases. Besides mites and cockroaches, the most important animal allergens are derived from mammals. Cat and dog allergies affect the general population; whereas, allergies to rodents or cattle is an occupational problem. Exposure to animal allergens is not limited to direct contact to animals. Based on their aerodynamic properties, mammalian allergens easily become airborne, attach to clothing and hair, and can be spread from one environment to another. For example, the major cat allergen Fel d 1 was frequently found in homes without pets and in public buildings, including schools, day-care centers, and hospitals. Allergen concentrations in a particular environment showed high variability depending on numerous factors. Assessment of allergen exposure levels is a stepwise process that involves dust collection, allergen quantification, and data analysis. Whereas a number of different dust sampling strategies are used, ELISA assays have prevailed in the last years as the standard technique for quantification of allergen concentrations. This review focuses on allergens arising from domestic, farm, and laboratory animals and describes the ubiquity of mammalian allergens in the human environment. It includes an overview of exposure assessment studies carried out in different indoor settings (homes, schools, workplaces) using numerous sampling and analytical methods and summarizes significant factors influencing exposure levels. However, methodological differences among studies have contributed to the variability of the findings and make comparisons between studies difficult. Therefore, a general standardization of methods is needed and recommended.

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Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Inhibition Method to Estimate the Level of Airborne Bovine Epidermal Antigen in Cowsheds

Cited by 21 publications

References 15 publications

Development of a Sandwich ELISA to Measure Exposure to Occupational Cow Hair Allergens

Development of a Sandwich ELISA to Measure Exposure to Occupational Cow Hair Allergens

Cow Hair Allergen (Bos d 2) Content in House Dust: Correlation with Sensitization in Farmers with Cow Hair Asthma

Animal Allergens and Their Presence in the Environment

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